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Climbing Glossary with Mountaineering Quotes






Petzl descender CMI ascender Omega 5 O carabiner Jumar ascender SMC rescue hook



SMC rappel rack Black Diamond angle pitons aluminum carabiner Black Diamond blade pitons Petzl rappel rack



SMC Escape figure-8 descender Petzl OK oval carabiner Maillon Rapide Delta screw
link Mammut oval carabiner SMC Control figure-8
descender



DMM pear carabiner Stubai 3D carabiner Omega Pacific Jake carabiner Stubai 85 carabiner D biner


Grivel ice axe

CMI grapnel

Climbing Terms

Reference Notes
Grivel ice axe

MSR Lightning Ascent aluminum
snowshoes




ablation :
the process by which ice and snow waste away as a result of melting and/or evaporation. Also, the erosive processes by which a glacier is reduced.

ablation zone :
the area of a glacier where yearly melting meets or exceeds the annual snow fall.

abominable snowman :
see yeti.

ABS :
a strong lightweight plastic that's a copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene, hence its designation by UniRoyal; this plastic core is often sandwiched between vinyl layers to protect it from being degraded by ultraviolet light.

abseil :
a method of interlacing the climber's body with the descent line so as to garner control from the drag thus generated (ie: a stylized S overlaid with the rope wrapped around the climber's body); one of the several processes by which a climber can descend a fixed rope, instead of by use of a friction device (eg: carabiner, figure-8, brake-bar); also called "body rappel", "hasty rappel", or 'dulfersitz'. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

abyss :
a deep immeasurable space, gulf, or cavity, as a vast chasm; derived from "bottomless". Also, the lowest or most hopeless depths, as the infernal regions. Also, anything profound, unfathomable, or infinite, as the primal chaos.

acclivity :
an upward slope of ground, as an ascent.

acme :
the highest point of development or attainment; the peak or extremity.

Aconcagua :
a mountain in the Andes, situated in western Argentina, being the highest peak (22,834 feet) in the western hemisphere.

acrophilia :
a natural affinity or attraction to heights.

acrylic fiber :
any of the synthetic textile fibers, such as Orlon or Acrilan, that are made by the polymerization of acrylonitrile.

ACW :
Artificial Climbing Wall, being a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

adamant / adamantine :
that which is too hard to cut, pierce, or break; any unyieldingly hard substance, as derived from a legendary stone of impenetrable hardness, formerly identified with the diamond. Also, absolutely firm or utterly unyielding in attitude or opinion, despite all appeals or urgings; uncompromising or intractable. Also, like a diamond in shape or luster. [cf: adamantane]

Adirondack 46ers Club :
an association of hikers who have attained the summit of all forty-six Adirondack "high peaks", which are above the 4000ft/1219m height, but require no bushwhacking (only Mounts Marcy and Algonquin need technical aid) within this six million acre park;although originating in 1918, the Adirondack 46ers club wasn't established until 1936 (registered 1948), being devoted to outdoor conservation ... like "winter Rangers", those persons who ascend these peaks between 21 December and 21 March while enduring the region's snow and ice, low temperatures and freezing winds are distinguished by a special designation. [nb: it was later discovered that one peak was overlooked and four were slightly lower than the minimum stipulated, but the original "46 high peaks" still stands] [cf: Adirondack Mountain Club]

adz / adze :
an ax-like tool that's used for the rough cutting of certain materials (eg: timber, earth, ice, and soft stone); typically furnished with two curved chisel-like blades that are mounted perpendicular to each other on a sturdy handle; being the prototype of an ice ax. [cf: pickax, grub hoe, hazel hoe, rhino, mattock, tranchet]

aeolian :
pertaining to the winds; of or caused by the wind, being wind-blown or wind-sculpted; as derived from Aeolus, the ancient Greek god of winds.

aerial tramway :
a system for carrying passengers and freight in vehicles suspended from and operating along overhead cables; also called ropeway or telpherage.

aerolith :
a meteorite that mainly consists of stony matter; also called "brontolith".

age :
a unit of geological time, shorter than an epoch, during which the rocks comprising a stage were formed. Also, a period of the history of the earth that's distinguished by some special feature (eg: Ice Age, Stone Age). Also, any great length of time.

ahkio :
a small boat-like sled used as a rescue transport or for hauling shared equipment across snow and ice; called akja in Finland and pulka / pulkka in Lapland, this sleigh is traditionally reindeer-drawn. [v: slipe, toboggan]

aid climbing :
the use of ropes, slings, and hardware (eg: wedge, piton, bolt, nut, cam, etc) when ascending or descending an elevation.

aider :
see etrier.

aid route :
the path of a technical climb on vertical rock that requires the use of artificial protection devices, such as pitons, bolts, nuts, spring-loaded cams, sling ladders, and the like.

airglow / air-glow :
a dim light from the upper atmosphere caused by emissions from atoms and molecules that have been ionized by solar radiation; a radiant emission of quasi-steady photochemical luminescence arising from chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere over middle and low latitudes, which is distinguished from the sporadic emission of auroras that occur over higher latitudes. Although each has slightly different characteristics, when observed during the day, it may be known as 'dayglow'; and when observed at twilight, it may be known as 'twilight glow'; and when observed at night, it may be known as 'nightglow'.

AirMesh® :
proprietary name of an extremely durable nylon fabric that's woven into a breathable mesh pattern.

airplane turn :
a dramatic change of direction that's made in midair after skiing over a mogul.

akja :
a small sled used as a rescue transport or for hauling shared equipment across snow and ice in Finland; also called ahkio and pulka / pulkka. [v: slipe, toboggan]

alkali rock :
any igneous rock with a marked preponderance of alkali and a low percentage of silica.

alluvium :
sedimentary matter deposited in recent times, especially by the action of water; as derived from "washed against". [v: alluvion]

alpenglow :
a reddish glow that often appears on the summits of mountains just before sunrise or just after sunset.

alpenstock :
a strong staff with a metal point, as used by mountaineers for balance, support, and belaying, especially when trekking. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

Alpine :
pertaining to any elevated place or lofty mountain. Also, native to the heights above timberline, such as plants or people. Also, designates downhill or slalom skiing, wherein the toe and heel of the boot are secured, as originated in Scandinavia; distinguished from nordic (cross-country or X-C). [nb: National Ski Patrol established 1940]

alpine start :
an effort to efficiently maximize available resources for a full day's expedition by pre-packing all equipment and commencing the excursion before dawn; an early start so as to avoid the hazards of melting snow or ice, and to ascend and return over the most difficult part nearest the summit with the assistance of daylight.

Alpine style :
an ultra-lightweight method of high-elevation climbing wherein equipment and rations (ie: comfort and security) are trimmed to the barest essentials in order to facilitate a swift ascent to the summit.

alpine zone :
high-elevation areas where trees are unable to grow; also called "above the treeline".

alpinist :
a mountaineer or mountain climber, especially in the European Alps.

altitude sickness :
a condition caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood that affects some persons at higher altitudes, which is characterized by a cluster of symptoms (eg: headache, dizziness, malaise, shortness of breath, nausea, loss of appetite, and disturbed sleep); also known as "mountain sickness" or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS).

aluminum :
a silver-white metallic element, lightweight and non-magnetic, ductile and malleable, and not readily corroded or tarnished, as used in alloys. [nb: cold-formed 5052 Al is one of the higher strength aluminum alloys with excellent forming characteristics and good corrosion resistance; heat-hardened 6061-T4 Al alloy, containing magnesium and silicone, is stronger and more corrosion resistant but also more expensive]

Ama Dablam :
a mountain in the Himalaya range of eastern Nepal, with its main peak at 22,493 feet and its lower (or western) peak at 20,243 feet; it's the third most popular destination for expeditions permitted in the Himalayas. Known as the "Matterhorn of the Himalayas", Ama Dablam has the appearance of an embracing mother, with its name meaning "mother's necklace". Once considered impossible, Ama Dablam was not successfully climbed until 13 March 1961.

AMBU® bag :
Artificial Manual Breathing Unit is the proprietary name for a manual resuscitator, a self-inflating bag, or a bag valve mask (BVM), which is a hand-held device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to persons who are not breathing (respiratory arrest) or not breathing adequately (respiratory failure). Use of a manual resuscitator force-feeds air or oxygen into the lungs in order to inflate them under pressure, thus constituting a means to manually provide positive-pressure ventilation, which is used by professional rescuers in preference to mouth-to-mouth ventilation, either directly or through an adjunct, such as a pocket mask. Two principal types of manual resuscitator exist: one version is self-filling with air, although additional oxygen (21% - 100% O2) can be added but is not necessary for the device to function; while the other principal type of manual resuscitator (flow-inflation) is heavily used in non-emergency applications in the operating room to ventilate patients during anesthesia induction and recovery. Invented in 1953 by Holger Hesse and Henning Ruben, the AMBU bag (or BVM) consists of a flexible air chamber attached to a face mask via a shutter valve, such that when the face mask is properly applied and the bag is manually squeezed, the device forces air through into the patient's lungs, and when the bag is released, it self-inflates from its other end, drawing in either ambient air or a low pressure oxygen flow supplied by a regulated cylinder, while also allowing the patient's lungs to deflate to the ambient environment past the one-way valve. Bag and valve combinations can also be attached to an alternate airway adjunct (eg: endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway), instead of to the mask; bacterial filters and heat or moisture exchangers may also be added. Complications relate to over-inflation or over-pressurization, such as gastric insufflation, volutrauma, and/or barotrauma. The AMBU bag, available in different sizes, is a single-use disposable unit.

AMS :
Acute Mountain Sickness, being the body's reaction to a lack of oxygen (hypoxic stress) caused by ascent at a faster pace than acclimatization; symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, apathy, confusion, moodiness, and periodic breathing; treat by extending acclimatization or descending to a lower altitude, and by increased hydration.

anchor :
a natural or artificial point of attachment that's used during a climb or traverse for belay or rappel. Also, to attach to a stable place (eg: chockstone, outcropping, deadfall, etc) or secure artificial device (eg: bolt, nut, cam, piton, etc) so that a fall will be arrested.

anchor bend / anchor knot :
a knot made by taking a round turn on the object to which the rope is to be fastened, passing the end of the rope around the standing part and under the round turn, and securing the end; also called "fisherman's bend".

anchor rope :
the part of a climbing rope extending from a solid anchor point to the belayer in order to firmly secure the belayer in a safe position for arrest in case one of the climbers falls.

Andes lightning :
a corona or luminous discharge that occurs over mountains when the atmosphere is electrically disturbed; also called "Andes glow" or "Andes lights".

angle :
the acute or obtuse intersection of rock faces, as when wedging an ascent or descent. Also, an extra-wide steel piton that has been folded lengthwise, which is set with attachment eyes; an angle piton (qv).

angle piton :
a tapered and shaped piton, in V / L(J) / S(Z) / W(M) configuration, with one or more eyes for attachment; also known as 'bong'. The angle piton was a type of specialized piton, fabricated from an extra-wide piece of steel folded lengthwise, used in wider cracks or fissures before the invention of cams and nuts.

anorak :
a hooded pullover jacket, usually with a chest pouch, for wear in cold or stormy weather; originating as a pullover parka of indeterminate length worn by the Inuit peoples of Greenland.

anticlinal :
pertaining to or composed of rock strata of a structure or fold that slants in opposite directions from a central axis; inclining downward [decline] on both sides from a median line or axis, as derived from "lean against each other".

anticline :
rock strata that slants in opposite directions from a median line or central axis; originating as a back-formation from anticlinal.

APC :
an Aspirin Phenacetin Caffeine compound, or a generic extra-strength aspirin, being a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that's used chiefly as an antipyretic and analgesic.

apex :
the highest point; summit, pinnacle, vertex. Also, the tip or point; peak, acme, climax.

approach :
the route undertaken to reach the technical portions of a climb; the path to the start of actual climbing ... often a trek, sometimes a scramble, but never insignificant.

apres-ski / apres ski :
the after skiing apparel and activities of Alpine (downhill) skiers, from fashionable attire and luxurious dining to frivolous games and restorative hot tub bathing at a comfortable lodge. [ety: French loanword]

arch :
a carved structure that's supported on both sides; within caves, a rock structure surmounting a large passage or cavity, having two or more entrances from which daylight is always visible; also called "natural arch".

arete / arête :
a sharp rugged mountain ridge, or protruding fault, produced by glaciation; a narrow ridge of rock formed by glacial erosion; often called a "backbone" or "spine". Also, a small ridge-like feature on a steep rock face; a protrusion formed by the intersection of two angled surfaces of rock or snow and ice, which rugged jut may be either horizontal or vertical. Also, the method in indoor climbing wherein the climber is able to use such a protruding corner as a hold. [ety: French loanword]

Argand burner :
a type of oil or gas burner in which air is fed directly into the flame through a metal tube inside a cylindrical wick; named after Aimé Argand, the Swiss scientist who invented it.

Argand lamp :
an oil lamp with a chimney, having a tubular wick that permits air to reach the center of the flame; named after Aimé Argand, the Swiss scientist who invented it.

armored rope :
rope made of wire-wrapped hempen strands that is used in salvage work. [nb: not to be confused with "armored cable" which is electric cable covered by a protective metallic wrapping]

arroyo :
a small gulch or steep-sided watercourse with a nearly flat floor that is usually dry, except after heavy rains; derivation akin to mine shaft.

Artificial Climbing Wall :
also called "climbing wall"; a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

ASA :
AcetylSalicylic Acid, or generic aspirin, being a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that's used chiefly as an antipyretic and analgesic.

ascend :
to move or pass from a lower to a higher place, as to go up or above; to gain, mount, or surmount. Also, to slant, rise, extend, or lead upward. Also, to complete a particular route. [nb: descending is statistically more dangerous than ascending]

ascender :
a directional clamping device, normally used in pairs when mechanically sliding or braking so as to progress upward along a fixed rope, and often cited by brand name (eg: Jumar, Petzl, CMI) as a generic product generalization.

ascent :
an upward slope or inclination; acclivity. Also, the gradient or degree of inclination. Also, the act of ascending, of rising or climbing upward.

aslant :
slanting at a lateral or tangential oblique across the slope.

aslope :
sloping at an upward or downward angle.

asphalt rock :
a rock formation, usually of limestone or sandstone, containing large amounts of bitumens.

asterisk / * :
a popularity rating (1-5) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5 designation in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS), with one asterisk indicating only local interest and five asterisks designating a classic climb of aesthetic appeal.

ATC® :
(Air Traffic Controller) a proprietary belay and rappel device that's manufactured by Black Diamond, which, when used in conjunction with a locking carabiner, provides a safety brake on the rope.

athlete's foot :
a contagious disease (ie: tinea) of the feet that's caused by a fungus that thrives on moist surfaces; ringworm of the feet.

athletic supporter :
see jockstrap.

atlas :
a bound collection of maps; or a bound volume of charts, plates, or tables illustrating any subject; as derived from the figure of Atlas, with the world on his back, which illustrated the title page of the maps collected by Mercator for publication in 1595. Also, in Greek mythology, one of the Titans (son of Iapetus and brother of Prometheus and Epimetheus) who was condemned by Zeus to bear the heavens on his shoulders, thereafter his abode became the Atlas Mountains in North Africa ... consequently, any person who supports a heavy burden, someone who's a mainstay. Also, the first cervical vertebra, which supports the head.

atomic belay :
a quick method for setting up a two-point anchor in sport climbing, using the climbing rope to attach to the anchor points.

at the end of one's rope :
a metaphor indicating an absence or lack of mental or physical resources, being exhausted or bereft; similar to "backed against the wall", "at wit's end", or "painted into a corner"; although this expression can imply an untenable situation (eg: "run out his string"), it's never an allusion to a satisfactory finish or completion (eg: "tied-up his affairs"). This phrase apparently derives from the practice of staking an animal to restrict its grazing range, expressed as being "at the end of its tether".

auger :
a drilling tool that consists of a long shaft terminating in a bit, which is rotated by a transverse handle, as used for boring a narrow hole in the ground by hand, as when seating an anchor. Also, a smaller version, but larger than a gimlet, is used for boring a narrow hole in wood by hand, as when setting a connector.

aureole :
any encircling radiance, a ring of light or color; also called "halo" or "corona". Also, a zone of altered country rock around an igneous intrusion.

aurora :
a radiant emission from the upper atmosphere that occurs sporadically over the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres (ie: aurora borealis, aurora polaris, northern aurora, northern lights; aurora australis, southern aurora, southern lights) in the form of luminous bands, streamers, waves or the like, caused by the bombardment of the atmosphere with charged solar particles that are being guided along the earth's magnetic lines of force. Also, dawn, or the period of sunrise; after the name of the ancient Roman goddess of the dawn [cf: Eos].

Australian rappel / Australian rappelling :
a downward-facing or inverted descent on fixed rope that's used with caves and buildings where the upside down posture facilitates the descender's anticipation of difficulties.

Australian rating system :
a scale of numbers used to rate the difficulty of climbing routes in mountainous terrain.

autobloc / auto-bloc :
see French Prusik.

autochthon :
a geological formation formed in the region where found; derived from "of the land itself". Also, one of the indigenous plants or animals that's native to a region. [cf: allochthon]

avalanche :
a large mass of snow, ice, rock, and other debris that suddenly detaches from a mountain slope and quickly slides downward; as derived from "descend rapidly". A "slab avalanche" breaks away as a whole and sweeps downhill, which contrasts with a "loose avalanche" that begins with a small portion that accumulates and expands during descent. This downfall is caused by the action of new snow piled upon old snow, inviting slippage.

avalanche cord :
a brightly colored lightweight cord that's attached to a winter climber, snowshoer, or skiier so it trails behind; its intended purpose is to attract attention by remaining visible on the surface in the event of an avalanche burial so the position of the victim can be determined. This low-tech locator has been supplanted by use of an electronic beacon.

azimuth :
the horizontal deviation of a bearing (usually in "degrees") as measured from a standard reference (usually "magnetic north"); a compass heading or angle.

bachar ladder :
a piece of training equipment that's used to improve a climber's core strength, especially for campusing.

Bachmann knot / Bachman knot :
a friction hitch tied (with three or four loops) onto a round cross-section carabiner using 1" tubular webbing strap, and is used when the knot needs to be quickly reset, to be often retied, or when made self-tending and self-rescuing.

backbone :
chine or arete / arête.

Backbone Mountain :
a peak of the Allegheny mountains that's situated in northwestern Maryland, being the highest elevation (3360ft) in the state.

back-clipping :
loading the belay rope in the wrong direction such that an excess of friction will be generated during a fall, and the chance of disconnection is increased; a fundamental mistake that may prove hazardous.

back country skiing / backcountry skiing :
skiing that's done away from settled areas, developed lands, open roads, and lift-assisted slopes, including cross-country (X-C) or Nordic and Alpine touring or randonee.

backpack :
informal usage for anything that's "man-portable" or relatively "pocket" sized, whether operated from or simply transported on a person's back.

backwoods Bogners / boondocks Bogners :
a déclassé allusion to blue jeans worn as pedestrian skiing attire by counterculture reactionaries against the haute couture fashion trend by Alpine (downhill) skiers, being a jocular or jocose reference to the stylish stretch pants (with attached stirrups) made for skiing by the German firm Bogner. [nb: denim is inelastic, and unlike wool, wet cotton contributes to hypothermia]

badlands :
a barren area in which soft rock strata are eroded into varied forms, some bizarre or fantastic; term alludes to the difficulty in traversing such rough country. Also, a region in South Dakota and Nebraska; site of Badlands National Park, formerly Badlands National Monument (1929-1977).

baetyl :
a meteorite or stone held to be sacred, or believed to be of divine origin; also baetylus or baetulus.

baggywrinkle :
chafing gear made from old ropes.

bail :
slang for retreating from a climb.

Baily's beads :
spots of light that appear to encircle the moon, resembling a string of luminous beads, which are visible immediately before and after a total eclipse, as caused by the sun's light shining between the mountains on the moon's surface; eponymously after Francis Baily, the English astronomer who first described this phenomenon.

Bakelite® :
a brand name for any of a series of durable phenolic resins and plastics that are used to fabricate lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant items, especially electrical insulators (in lieu of porcelain ceramics).

balaclava :
a knitted cap that covers the head, neck, and sometimes the shoulders or upper torso; as derived from Balaklava, a Crimean seaport on the Black Sea.

balance climbing :
movement up cliffs and slopes that are too steep for walking.

balds :
slang for naturally clear areas on hillsides, especially denuded mountain tops.

ballistic nylon :
a high-performance synthetic thermoplastic material that's characterized by strength and elasticity, resistance to abrasion and chemicals, low moisture absorbency and a capacity to be permanently set by heat; this tough polyamide fabric is tear resistant and was introduced during WWII as protection against flying debris.

ball-nuts :
thin crack protection utilizing sliding ball-and-ramp construction.

bandana :
a large lightweight scarf or handkerchief, usually figured (originally tie-dyed), that's worn about the neck or head by men and women; originally signifying someone's tribal affiliation or familial status. [nb: this cloth should not be mistaken for the hijab]

bank :
a slope or acclivity. Also, a long pile, heap, mass, or bank-like border constructed of small stones or sandbags.

barber :
a strong wind carrying damp snow or sleet that freezes upon contact with objects, especially head and facial hair that's exposed to this spray.

barn-door / barn-dooring :
a climber's loss of contact with the rock face for half his body length, such that the climber pivots away from the vertical surface, as if his hand and foot on one side were hinges.

barranca :
a steep-walled ravine or gorge, gully or arroyo.

barrow :
a mound or hill. Also, an artificial mound raised over a grave or midden, as a tumulus.

barrel knot :
a knot for fastening together two strands of gut or nylon by wrapping each around the other several times before interlacing, as fishing lines or leaders, ascent or descent ropes; also called 'blood knot' or "triple fisherman's bend".

barrens :
bare land that's unproductive; level or slightly rolling land that's relatively infertile, usually with a sandy soil and few trees.

base camp :
the largest and best supplied fixed campsite, typically setup at the lowest elevation, which supports a major ascent of a mountain.

base weight :
the total loadout weight of essentials and consumables contained in the backpack. [nb: the back country rule of thumb on diminishing returns is that when trekking or climbing, the weight to distance ratio must be balanced, such that the heavier the load for a long trip, then more energy must be expended to proceed, so the spent energy must be replenished, consuming resources that makes the load lighter, but the distance traveled much shorter!]

bashie :
slang for a malleable device (eg: rivet, copperhead) that's intended to be pounded into a rock depression or crack.

basic :
a rock having relatively little silica.

basin :
a hollow or depression in the earth's surface. Also, an area in which rock strata dip inward toward a common center; a circular or elliptical syncline. Also, a natural or artificial hollow place, usually wider than deep, containing water.

basket litter :
see Stokes litter.

basket sled :
a high-sided rig mounted on runners used as a vehicle for cargo or passengers when traveling over snow or ice; also called a "rescue sled", "basket litter" or "basket stretcher".

batholith :
a large body of intrusive igneous rock believed to have crystallized at a considerable depth below the earth's surface.

bat hook / bat hooking :
an extreme form of aid climbing wherein a sky hook, filed to a sharpened point, is tapped into a hole drilled shallowly in the rock from which an etrier is hung for farther advancement.

bay :
a recess of land, partly surrounded by hills.

bc / BC :
abbreviation for back country or backcountry, being a class of heavier-duty and wider cross-country (Nordic) skis for use in rugged (ungroomed) terrain.

bead lightning :
lightning wherein the intensity appears to vary along its path and so resembles a string of beads; also called "chain lightning" or "pearl lightning".

bear bag :
any variously sized sack of tough material that can be quickly and easily suspended off the ground at least twelve to twenty feet, which is positioned at least twenty to fifty feet away from the campsite, for the safe storage of food, toiletries, garbage, and anything else that emits an odor attractive to nocturnal animals.

bear trap :
a non-releasable toe-strap and cable type of ski binding that allowed the skier to convert from heel-free cross-country (X-C) to heel-secured downhill skiing, as used by WWII mountain troops and other alpinists.

bedrock :
the lowest stratum of unbroken solid rock, which bottommost layer is overlaid in most places by soil or rock fragments.

beer :
an alcoholic beverage made by brewing and fermentation from cereals, usually malted barley, and flavored with hops and the like, for a slightly bitter taste ... it's the champagne of working class people, who often use it to toast one another's achievements, to celebrate remarkable attainments, and to simply slake each other's hard-earned thirst or to cut the choking dust at the end of an exhausting day!

beginner's hill :
no such thing; does not exist; everyone is an amateur in the real world of constant change; also called "learner's hill", "tyro's mountain", "rookie's hill", "novice's mountain", "simple...", "easy..." -- any slope can kill the unwary! [v: Zen beginner's mind, Christian child's innocence; cf: tenderfoot, greenhorn, cheechako, and similar aspersions] [nb: those adjustments, especially the mechanical and technical ones, that are intended to make risky situations safer, only result in making them more complicated and, paradoxically, more hazardous; because order and consistency are abnormal, accidents and mistakes are inherently normal, so risk management is an essential constituent of living]

beginning slope :
see dope slope.

belay :
to tether or restrain by manipulation of a rope or line, as a safety anchor in rappelling; protection against falling may involve body, hardware (piton, bong, cam, nut, plate, deadeye), natural or man-made (eg: cleat, bollard) objects; also called "cinch" ('cingula') or "dally" ('dale vuelt'). Also, a secure object or other safe projection that's sturdy enough to anchor a rope or line under a full load; that point of connection or attachment to which a rope or line is fastened or made secure for the protected descent and ascent of people and objects. Also, an imperative directive to stop or cease, halt or desist, cancel or quit; to hold fast or delay execution.

belay device :
a mechanical device (eg: piton, bong, cam, nut, plate, deadeye, cleat, etc) that's used to create friction or resistance on a rope or line; a Munter hitch can sometimes be used instead of a belay device ... some belay devices may also be used as descenders.

belayer :
the person at the belay station who is securing the ascending or descending climber; also known as a "belay slave".

belayer's neck :
an annoying but temporary malady intrinsic to climbing, being a muscle ache and tension headache caused by the awkward postures, especially constantly looking upwards, in order to track the progress of the ascending or descending climber for the sake of safety and security.

belaying :
the paying-out and taking-in of rope that a climber has attached himself to, which is secured by the belayer's body, a natural or artificial anchor point, and the necessary application of braking force to reduce the severity of a fall.

belay on :
see on belay. [nb: United Kingdom climbers prefer the "Climb when ready!" call]

belay point :
a secure object or other safe projection that's sturdy enough to anchor a rope or line under a full load; that point of connection or attachment to which a rope or line is fastened or made secure for the descent and ascent of people and objects.

belay slave :
informal reference to the person who acts as backup or safety for the other climbers; someone who provides security, through partiality or bribery, deception or coercion, intimidation or inducement, while gawking.

belay station :
the place, variously uncomfortable or hazardous, where the belayer is situated so as to control a natural or artificial belay point.

ben :
a high hill or mountain peak; derived from peak ("beann").

bench :
a flat or shelf-like area of rock with steep slopes above and below. Also, a flat step or level elevation; as derived from bank.

benching iron :
a pronged triangular plate that's driven into the ground to provide a temporary bench mark or surveying point.

benchmark :
a known or established elevation from which other measurements may be calculated, as represented by a triangle on maps and a fixed marker on the ground; abbreviated BM. Also, a normative standard or established reference by which anyone may be judged or compared.

bend :
a knot used for joining ropes, for attaching lines to themselves or to one another; any of various loops for joining the ends of two ropes, or for joining the end of a rope to some other object; as derived from a crooked bind. Also, an idiom for crazy or insane, deranged or lunatic, nutty or bonkers, as "around the bend" [ie: not on the straight and narrow].

bending the map :
projecting a false impression, or perceiving a false reality; as when misreading terrain features and misapplying its landmarks to a topographic representation. Such a delusional mismatch, or imposition of desire, is also called "re-mapping" or "forcing the map", which bewilderment or bemusement can be disastrously disorienting.

bergschrund / 'schrund :
a crevasse, or series of crevasses, at the upper end of a mountain glacier, seemingly caused by gravitational movement that introduces separation; a crevasse separating a glacier from the rock walls enclosing it, or from higher snow or ice fields. [ety: German loanword literally meaning mountain + crevice]

berm :
any level strip of ground at the summit, on the sides, or along the base of a slope; also called a "bench". Also, any flat or horizontal surface, as a fortified berme or beach backshore.

best route :
the most direct approach up to a peak, which is by no means the easiest or fastest; being the line that most closely approximates the natural descent of falling water dropping from that peak.

beta :
any advance information (eg: weather, terrain features, rock or snow conditions, previous routes, local lore, etc) which helps someone in planning or negotiating a climb; detailed and specific advice on how to complete a particular climbing route, usually proffered by someone who has recently succeeded.

beta flash :
the rapid ascent of a new climb on the first attempt, without falls or delays, solely based upon reliable advice. [cf: on-sight flash]

betty lamp / Betty lamp :
a primitive early American lamp that consists of a shallow basin that's filled with oil or tallow as the fuel for a wick that's housed in a teapot-like spout, and is often hung by a hook or suspended by a chain.

bezel :
the angled rim surrounding the face of a watch or compass, especially a rotating ring that can serve to mark time or indicate position; as derived from 'bevel' or 'chamfer'.

B-grade :
a grading system for bouldering problems that was invented by John Gill, which has been largely superseded by the V-grading system.

biathlon :
an athletic competition in which cross-country (Nordic) skiers, carrying rifles, shoot at targets at four intervals along a 20km (12.5mi) course. Also, an athletic contest comprising any two consecutive events, whether organized as sprint, intermediate, or endurance.

bicycle shorts :
see bike shorts.

bigfoot :
see yeti.

bight :
a slack portion of cord, line, or rope that's bent or folded upon itself without crossing so as to leave an opening, as used in constructing some knots or executing belays. Also, the middle portion of the rope or line, as distinguished from the ends.

Big Rock Candy Mountain :
any remote refuge or fanciful retreat, named after the paradise lyricized in the 1928 folk song. In this pre-Depression era, some Marysvale (Utah) residents placed a sign at the base of a cluster of some brightly-colored hills near Fishlake National Forest naming them "Big Rock Candy Mountain" as a local joke; they also labeled a nearby spring as "Lemonade Springs" ... the Big Rock Candy Mountain Resort occupies a hub in the area's Paiute trails. Furthermore, the largest exposed rock in the South Platte rock climbing area of Colorado is also called "Big Rock Candy Mountain" because of its colored stripes resembling a candy cane. And, one of the peaks in the Capitol State Forest of Washington state is also named "Big Rock Candy Mountain".

big wall climb :
a sustained climb that extends over more than one day due to its physical or technical difficulty.

bike shorts :
bicycling attire in the 20th century has metamorphosed from modest transportation to practical athleticism, wherein skirts and trousers (with "trouser clips") have evolved through bloomers and baggy shorts into skin-tight cycling shorts that're bibbed and knee-length, made in various colors of blended fabrics (including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, cotton, and the like) that wick moisture and reduce wind resistance ... and with the addition of chamois groin pads, reduce chafing. [v: gym shorts]

binding :
a mechanical attachment that functionally connects the wearer's foot to a ski or snowshoe for optimal control while maneuvering, including Alpine (both toe and heel are fixed), Nordic (only toe is fixed), and Alpine touring or randonee (toe is fixed while heel may be fixed or unfixed); if force (torque) limits are exceeded during a fall or impact, most bindings are designed to release so as to minimize injury to the wearer's ankle or leg.

biner / 'biner :
truncation of carabiner (qv).

biolith :
rock formed from once living creatures.

bird :
slang for a watcher or gawker, typically huddled in clusters at a safe distance, who invariably knows more than the climber scaling the rock and dispenses this expertise to other non-climbers in a stage whisper; so-called by their resemblance to peeping, popeyed, baby birds with gaping mouths! [cf: voyeur; v: titillation, frisson]

bird beak :
a thin, hooking-type piton, which is easily removed, that's used to engage small cracks on a clean ascent.

bitt :
a strong post, as single or paired projections, for securing cables, towing lines, and the like; a bollard or cleat.

bivouac :
a temporary encampment, frequently unplanned, typically abstemious or austere, often arduous if not agonizing; generally reduced to 'bivvy'. [ety: French loanword]

bivouac sack :
a simple tubular tent (minus poles) suspended from pitons fixed in the rock; during the Vietnam-era, such a sack-like enclosure was considered to be a luxury.

bivvy :
informal term for a small tent or temporary shelter, as by adaptation of 'bivouac'; also called "bivouac sack".

bivy :
a fitted cover secured over the mummy-style sleeping bag, and serving as external protection from abrasion or weather. Also, a waterproof bag or 'stuff-sack' intended for stowing a sleeping bag, but widely used for other utilitarian storage; also called "bivy bag" or "dry sack".

black ice :
permanent ice found in shady couloirs or on steep north faces that's very dense, extremely hard, and usually difficult to climb.

Blackwall hitch :
a hitch made with a rope laid over a hook, so that it holds fast when pulled, but is otherwise loose; named after Blackwall, a London shipyard.

bladder / bladder bag :
a lightweight, portable, and collapsible water reservoir, sized from quart to gallon capacity, which flexible containers were introduced during the Vietnam War.

blain :
an inflammatory swelling or sore, such as chill blains; a discrete lesion or aggragate of papules.

Blake's hitch / Prohaska hitch :
a friction hitch commonly used by arborists / tree climbers and cavers as an ascending or descending knot that's formed by the trailing end of a rope (instead of a loop of cord or webbing); although stable, this knot is usually backed up by a stopper knot (eg: figure-eight) for safety, and is preferred to other hitches (eg: taut-line) because it's less prone to bind ... as with other friction hitches, constriction resistance (grip) can be increased by adding additional binding loops. This hitch was first introduced (1981) by Heinz Prohaska in an Austrian periodical for mountain guides, and later presented (1990) in a caving journal, then it was separately and independently discovered (1994) by Jason Blake for use by the arborist community.

Blanca Peak :
a mountain situated in southern Colorado, being the highest peak (14,390 ft) in the Sangre de Cristo range.

blaze :
a distinctive mark used to conspicuously indicate a route or passage, a border or boundary. Also, to lead the way in finding or forming something; pathfinding.

blink :
a brightening of the base of a cloud layer caused by the reflection of light by snow or ice, as derived from gleam, twinkle, glitter, or shine.

blizzard :
a heavy snowstorm of strong winds and intense cold.

block :
any solid material mass with one or more flat faces. Also, an obstruction, obstacle, hindrance, or stoppage. Also, a housing or part enclosing one or more freely rotating, grooved pulleys, about which ropes or chains pass to form a hoisting or hauling tackle; also known as "tackle block" or "block 'n' tackle".

blood knot :
a knot for fastening together two strands of gut or nylon by wrapping each around the other several times before interlacing, as fishing lines or leaders, ascent or descent ropes; also called 'barrel knot' or "triple fisherman's bend".

blue ice :
very dense ice with a watery hue and few air bubbles.

bluff :
a precipitous headland, cliff or hill, with a broad steep face; as derived from "flat" or "even".

bm :
abbreviation for benchmark (qv). Also, a polite abbreviation for bowel movement, which necessity is often difficult and/or embarrassing while climbing or trekking.

board lasting :
the method of footwear construction wherein the insole ("board") is fixed to the last (foot form), then the upper is wrapped around this assembly so the midsole, vamp, and outsole can be attached to form the shoe; a board lasted shoe is usually more rigid than a slip lasted shoe, giving the wearer less sensitivity to the terrain underfoot.

boards / slats :
slang for skis.

boatswain's seat :
a web or canvas sling chair, or wooden plank, suspended by ropes or cables over the side of a steep wall or other vertical surface, as in construction, maintenance, or rescue work.

bobsled :
a sled formed of two shorter sleds set in tandem; also called "bobsleigh".

body rappel :
see abseil. [nb: the rope is straddled by the climber, then looped around a hip, across the chest, over the opposite shoulder, and down the back to be held with the downhill hand to adjust the hip and shoulder friction so as to control the speed of descent]

bohio :
a raised-platform sleeping shelter, open on three or four sides, and clear to waist-height underneath, with a slanted roof of semi-permanent primitive construction, as used widely by the indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia.

bollard :
a short thick post of dubious strength and reliability that's carved from ice for use as a belay stand or rappel point when no better anchor is available; any large knob of rock or ice used as a belay anchor.

bolt :
a strong metal fastening screw with an untapered shaft that's drilled into rock and is retained by friction; a stout point of protection in aid climbing that's permanently installed into a hole drilled into the rock, to which a metal hanger is attached, having an integral socket to accept a ring or carabiner.

bolt chopping :
the deliberate removal of one or more installed bolts; this destructive "clean-up of a fixed route is performed by purists and environmentalists who believe that they are "protecting" the rock face.

bolted in :
see nailed up.

bomber :
slang for any maximal handhold. Also, slang for anything, from equipment to a bivouac site, that's generally positive or beneficial, of high quality or dependability.

bomb-proof anchor :
a totally secure and completely reliable anchor; also known as "bomber" ... the kind that fail when not tested.

bonfire :
a large outdoor fire that's built in the open and used for warmth, entertainment, or signaling.

bong :
slang referent for a tapered angle piton in the shape of a V / L(J) / S(Z) / W(M), with attachment eyes spaced along its length; a type of specialized piton, fabricated from an extra-wide piece of steel folded lengthwise, used in wider cracks or fissures before the invention of cams and nuts.

boomer :
a fast downhill skier, often rash or reckless; also called basher or schuss-boomer.

bora :
a violent, dry, cold wind blowing from the north; derived from "boreas/borras" meaning northern or mountain wind.

boreas / borras :
north winds; this ancient Greek term may have originally meant "wind from the mountains".

bottom of the world :
an expression representing the antarctic region or the far south, including the Antarctic Circle and South Pole; also known as the "end of the earth", and contrasted by the "top of the world".

boulder :
a large detached rock, usually worn or rounded; derived from "big stone".

bouldering :
the climbing of short, hard routes on low-lying rocks without protective gear; climbing unroped among large boulders or outcroppings, which are typically close to the ground, so safety precautions include protective pads and companion spotting, instead of harnesses and belays.

bouldering mat :
any thick mat that's used to soften landings or to cover harmful objects in the event of a fall; also known as a "crash pad" and as tumbling or exercise mats.

bounce box :
a package of replenishment supplies sent ahead of one's present location for later collection upon arrival; a method of forwarding resupply items to oneself, often entailing an off-route side trip. [nb: general delivery is a temporary mail service for persons without a permanent address (such as travelers) for which collection at least two forms of official photo identification must be presented; a small number of letters and parcels, addressed to a specific individual by way of "General Delivery" at a specified USPS post office with ZIP code, will be accepted and held for no longer than thirty (30) days, unless an extension has been prearranged with the postmaster]

bow / bowknot :
a knot used for joining the ends of cord or line that can be readily loosened, which has two projecting loops that leave both ends free for untying.

bowline / bowline knot :
a knot used to make a nonslipping (often non-constrictive) loop on the end of a line or rope.

bowline on a bight :
a knot made along the middle of a line or rope that's used to make a nonslipping loop that's not drawn-up.

brachiate / brachiation :
locomotion accomplished by a primate or human swinging by the arms from one hold to another.

braid / braided line :
woven nylon line that has better abrasion resistance than twisted line.

brain bucket :
slang for helmet (qv).

brake-bar / braker-bar :
a short rod that fits on the gate and connects over the back of an oval carabiner, so as to bisect the link; or an elongated rappel rack containing numerous rounded brake-bar rods; as used for additional interlacement so as to increase resistence during a belay or descent. Originally improvised from a piton laid across a carabiner for increased friction. The brake-bar is the weakest part of the friction assembly, so is the most prone to mishap or failure. A brake-bar will not attach to any asymmetrical carabiners (such as pear or slant-D shape); and will not fit over the locking mechanism of any carabiner pattern. Although a brake-bar is a convenient way of altering the features of a carabiner, which has many more uses than descending, a rappel rack is like a figure-8 descender in having no other utility to justify its size and weight displacement on a trek. [nb: not "break-bar" or "breaker-bar"]

brash :
a pile or mass of loose and brittle fragments, as of broken rock or fractured ice; as derived from "break".

Brazilian rating system :
a scale of Roman numerals and adjectives used to rate the difficulty of climbing routes in mountainous terrain.

break-bar / breaker-bar :
see brake-bar / braker-bar.

breakdown :
a fall of bedrock from a cave roof or wall under its own weight; also, the resultant pile of broken bedrock.

breaking strength :
the load that will cause a line or rope to fail.

breakweather :
any makeshift shelter or protective refuge.

breathing :
the movement of air passing in and out of a cave, which is due to changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure on the earth's surface.

breccia :
rock composed of angular fragments of older rocks and/or fossils that've been melded together in a matrix of finer sediment.

Breche / brèche :
a notch in a ridge; a gap, breach, or opening. [ety: French loanword (eg: la brèche de roland)]

breech :
the end of a block or pulley farthest from the supporting hook or eye.

breeches :
knee-length trousers that were worn with stockings by men from the 17th through the early 19th centuries; full-length pants were adopted by Americans to help protect the wearer's lower legs while working. [ety: bottom, buttocks] [v: britches; cf: jodhpurs, pantaloons, riding breeches]

brent :
anything steep, precipitous, or lofty.

bridge :
a natural (ie: rock, ice, etc) or man-made (ie: rope, wood, etc) elevated or suspended structure providing passage over an obstacle or across an opening, such as a chasm or river; being a connective or transitional route, an intermediate or conjoining phase of maneuver or march. Also, a method used to maneuver in a chimney or cleft by fully extending the body, with the feet or legs opposite the hands or arms, so as to ascend or descend by friction exerted by bodily pressure as a span; also known as 'layback' or 'stem'.

bridging :
when the climber maneuvers in a crack, chimney, or other opening by fully extending the body, with the feet or legs opposite the hands or arms, so as to ascend or descend by friction exerted by bodily pressure as a span; also called "laybacking" or "stemming" by use of holds on adjacent rock faces to ascend or descend.

brink :
any extreme edge or verge; the edge or margin of a steep place. Also, the margin or verge of land bordering water. Also, a critical point beyond which something crucial will occur.

britches :
see breeches.

British rating system :
a scale of adjectives and numbers used to rate the difficulty of climbing routes in mountainous terrain.

brodie :
a daredevil leap or a suicidally wild dive from a precipice or other high ledge; eponymously after Steve Brodie, who claimed to have jumped from the Brooklyn Bridge in 1886.

brotherhood of the rope :
the camaraderie of rock and mountain climbers; an unstructured and unsanctioned association of people who seek the personal challenges and spiritual satisfactions of climbing remote terrain.

brow :
the edge or lip of a steep place or drop-off; a brink or brim.

brule / brulé :
a forested area that's been destroyed by fire; also spelled brulee / brulée, as derived from 'burnt'. Also, land covered with rocks or scrub growth.

bucket :
slang for a large handhold; also called 'jug' or 'bomber'.

buildering :
a neologism for the art of climbing on buildings, which is often illegal, albeit irresistibly intriguing.

bum :
someone who's more devoted to experiential ventures than to educational certification, career development, or familial commitment; finances, and the products purchasable with such funds, are secondary to the skills developed by performing more and more challenging engagements. [v: ski bum, surf bum, scuba bum, climbing bum / dirt bag, outdoor idler]

bump :
to quickly move a hand or foot up a short distance from one useful hold to another.

bunny boot :
slang for the military-style mukluk that was developed during WWII for mountaineers in winter operations, as so-called by members of the 10th Mountain Division. Being a knee-high, soft-soled, moccasin-like, fur- or pile-lined boot for wear in deep snow, or with snowshoes and cross-country (Nordic) skis; bunny boots were developed to overcome the limitations of the then-standard issue 'shoepacs' as winter boots.

bunny slope :
see dope slope.

burly :
slang for difficult, demanding, or challenging, as associated with the large, stout, sturdy, tough figure who is capable of encountering such.

bushwhack :
to make one's way through jungle, woods, or other dense cover by cutting away at the undergrowth.

butte :
an isolated hill or mountain rising abruptly above the surrounding land; derived from "landmark".

buttress :
a formation that projects outward from the line of a rock face; a projecting support that steadies a structure by opposing its outward thrusts, as any natural or artificial prop; derived from "thrusting arch" or abutment.

Buys-Ballot's law :
the law stating that if one stands with one's back to the wind in the northern hemisphere, then the atmospheric pressure will be lower on one's left, and in the southern hemisphere, it will be lower on one's right; named after the Dutch meteorologist C.H.D. Buys-Ballot, this law is descriptive of the relationship of horizontal winds to atmospheric pressure.

BVM :
Bag Valve Mask; see AMBU bag.

Byerlee's law :
cites the stress circumstances in the earth's crust at which fracturing along a geological fault takes place.

bysmalith :
a cylinder of igneous rock that, when forced upward, lifts any overlying rock.

cable bend :
a knot or clinch that forms a short length of loop for the secure attachment of a cable to an anchor or other fixed object.

cable binding :
a relatively simple and secure binding for skis and snowshoes wherein the boot toe is fixed in place, and an adjustable metallic cable encircles the boot heel ... if mounted on downhill (Alpine) skis, guide brackets on either side of the ski near the beginning of the boot heel, anchor the boot so the heel will not be able to rise. The tension mechanism controlling the torque on the toe and the heel are adjusted separately.

cache :
a hidden storage place for food and other replenishment items, including gear and rescue supplies; materials that have been concealed in a stash for safekeeping.

cagoul / kagoul / kagool :
an unlined, knee-length, pullover-style raincoat with elasticized cuffs and an attached hood, which is usually lightweight enough to pack into its own chest pocket or hood; it was seemingly created by Noel Bibby of 'Peter Storm Limited' during the early 1960s as a longer version of the anorak. This weatherproof shell has been nicknamed "cag", and has been marketed as "Pack-a-Mac" and "Cag in a Bag". [ety: French loanword meaning 'hood' (cagoule)] [cf: cowl]

cairn / carn :
a distinctive heap of stones set up as a landmark, monument, cenotaph, tombstone, or other marker; literally a "pile of stones" ... most often used to denote a summit or to mark a trail above the treeline.

caldera :
a large, basin-like depression resulting from the collapse or destruction of a volcano's center; known by Alaskan natives as a "thunderbird's nest", this term derives from "cauldron".

calf :
a mass of ice detached from a glacier, iceberg, or floe ... as if "birthed" from a larger "cow".

cam :
a spring-loaded metal device (eg: "Friend" by Ray Jardine) that's used to provide anchor points in rock cracks to secure a climbing rope; also generically known as "spring loaded camming device" (SLCD) (eg: Friends, Camalots, TCUs, etc) in various sizes by different manufacturers.

cam band :
a webbing strap with a cam-action tensioning buckle that's used to secure gear or equipment together, or to a harness.

Cambrian :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era, occurring from 570 million to 500 million years ago, when algae and marine invertebrates were the predominant form of life on earth.

camel-up / camel up :
slang for drinking as much water as possible at a supply outlet, departure point, or natural water source so as not to prematurely consume any of the precious water that a person is carrying.

camp / campsite :
a suitable place for one or more persons to be temporarily lodged outdoors, as for sporting or recreation; to pitch a shelter for the temporary residence of a venturer or other outdoorsman. [v: day camp, training camp, summer camp]

campfire :
an outdoor fire used for warmth or cooking. [v: bonfire]

camp robber :
someone who steals outdoor equipment and clothing, especially a sticky-fingered employee with reasonable access; to crib, nap, snatch, nab, snitch, boost, glom, snap-up, jack / hijack, hook, lift, nip, pilfer, nick, score, rip / rip-off, rifle, filch, purloin, rustle, swipe, make-off / make-away, thieve, heist, burgle / burglarize, so as to acquire useful items that are otherwise unavailable, generally for trade or resale. Also, any small animal (eg: pack rat, scrub jay, etc) that raids a campsite for food, shiny objects, or other useful articles; although pesky, they're typically differentiated from vermin.

camp stove :
a small portable cookstove using inflammable liquid (eg: oil, gas, alcohol, etc), usually under pressure, that serves for cooking or heating by outdoorsmen; the packing container for such a stove often serves as a pot and/or pan. [v: Primus stove] [nb: an empty food can, vented at the base and with fuel laid at the bottom, can serve as a field expedient camp stove with shielding windbreak for heating food or liquid]

campus / campusing :
a dynamic form of climbing using the fingers, hands, arms, and upper body only; a style created by ... . [v: brachiate / brachiation]

campus board :
a piece of training equipment that's used to improve a climber's upper body, especially finger strength and strong arm lock-offs, as for campusing.

candle lamp :
a vented chimney for safely housing a lighted candle that can be hung inside a tent or from any nearby protrusion; often provided with a shutter to direct and limit the exposed light. [v: fairy lamp; cf: dark lantern]

canned heat :
see Sterno®.

canyon :
a deep valley with steep sides, often with a stream flowing through it; as derived from "hollow tube".

canyoneering :
a hybrid recreational activity that often combines off-road bicycling or white water rafting, rugged hiking and bouldering or climbing (called "technical canyoneering") in a canyon or gorge, which has broad appeal to people of all ages and various skill levels; also called "canyoning".

cap rock / caprock :
a protruding mass of anhydrite, gypsum, or limestone immediately above the salt of a salt dome. Also, an impervious stratum overlaying an oil- or gas-bearing structure.

carabiner / karabiner :
a specially shaped metallic ring, with a spring-catch (gate) built into one side, that's used in mountaineering to secure equipment and fasten ropes; also known as biner or snap-link, this term is shortened from "carbineer hook" [karabinerhaken], which was a device for attaching the carbine to a bandoleer of ammunition. A modern carabiner is available in various shapes (ie: oval or pear, D-shaped or offset-D, twisted or slanted), configurations (ie: locking, auto-locking, or non-locking; pin and hook or key lock; screw gate or bent gate), and compositions (ie: cast or forged, aluminum or steel). The strongest part of a carabiner is the long axis of the spine (opposite the gate opening), but this strength can be compromised by improper loading (eg: if the loaded object rests at the farthest point of the reservoir from the long axis). Although most carabiners are generally interchangeable, some are specially designed for specific applications (eg: on litter, for belay, on pulley, with Munter hitch, etc). This useful climbing aid, carried in multiples on a sling or rack, is only reliable if it is loaded in the correct direction and the safety gate is closed. [nb: not carbineer/carabineer or carabiniere] [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

Carboniferous :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era, including the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian periods as epochs, occurring from 345 million to 280 million years ago.

carrick bend :
a knot used for joining the ends of two ropes; a woven coupling used with heavy lines, cables or hawsers; because the single carrick bend tends to jam tight, a double carrick bend is preferred; probably derived from the merchant vessel ('carrack': "ship of burden") from the Renaissance period.

cartwheel :
a skiing stunt wherein an upright acrobatic skier rotates sideways with the fall line, landing first on the hands (or forearms) and then back up onto the feet ... typically executed in star or spoke fashion, with the hands hitting singly, followed by the separated legs. Other than style, this maneuver serves no practical purpose.

catch basin :
a natural hollow that collects and retains water in a pool, as from rain or seepage. [v: seep] [nb: exposed limestone rock in the desert can contain an abundance of water that's held in under pressure by a crust that forms on its surface, such that if the crust is suddenly cracked apart, the water may gush forth]

cat hole / cathole / cat-hole :
an expedient field toilet that's been dug out of the ground (sized at least six inches wide by 12 inches deep, and situated at least 200 feet from a water source) for the use of one person to evacuate human waste.

cat's-paw :
a retaining hitch taken in the bight of a rope or line.

cavate :
hollowed out, as a space excavated from rock.

cave :
a hollow in the earth, especially one opening more or less horizontally into a hill, mountain, or the like. Also, to hollow out, as by causing overlying material to fall into a stope, well, or sublevel; or to cause supports, sets, or stylls to collapse beneath overlying material (cave-in ).

caver :
a person who studies or explores caves; not to be confused with a "cave man". Among the confraternity, cavers are the people who rescue spelunkers and speleologists.

cavern :
a large cave that is mostly or entirely underground.

caving ladder :
see Jacob's ladder.

ceiling :
the overhead interior surface of a compartment, cave, or other opening inlet into rock.

Cenozoic :
noting or pertaining to the present geologic era, beginning 65 million years ago and characterized by the ascendancy of mammals; succeeded the Mesozoic Era, subsuming the Quaternary (Holocene and Pleistocene epochs) and Tertiary (Miocene, Oligocene, Eocene, and Paleocene epochs) Periods.

chain :
a continuous range of mountains.

chain brake :
a chain looped in front of a rescue sled or toboggan by which the speed of the carrier can be controlled by either raising or lowering the chain; also known as a "brake chain".

chair lift :
a single, double, or quadruple seat that's suspended from a motor-driven overhead cable that carries skiers up a slope.

chalk :
a soft, white, powdery limestone consisting chiefly of fossil shells of protozoan foraminifers. Also, a powdery compound of magnesium carbonate (or a similar substance), also called "gymnastics chalk", that's used to improve a climber's grip or handhold by absorbing sweat; its use is controversial in some areas.

chalk bag :
a hand-sized holder for the supply of chalk that a climber will use to dry his hands; typically suspended from a gear belt or equipment sling for ready access.

chamois / shammy / chammy :
originally, a soft pliable leather from any of various skins dressed with oil; later, a sueded cotton or synthetic cloth simulating such absorbent leather.

chaos :
a state or condition of utter confusion or disorder; a disorganized and unstructured mass, the infinite space and formless matter comprising primordial or primeval existence; as derived from chasm or abyss.

chap / chapped :
skin that's roughened, cracked, and reddened by exposure to weather.

charley horse :
slang for a painful involuntary muscular cramp, typically of an arm or leg, that results from excessive strain, blunt-force trauma, or nutritional deficiency; sometimes misspelled "charlie horse", being an Americanism of obscure origin from the 1880s.

chasm :
a yawning fissure or deep cleft in the earth's surface, such as a gorge. Also, any marked gap, opening, breach, or break; as derived from "gape".

chatter mark :
any of a series of irregular gouges made on a rock surface by the movement of rock fragments over it. Also, the marks left on a work surface by a vibrating tool.

cheek :
either one of the sides of a tackle block.

chert :
a compact rock consisting essentially of microcrystalline quartz.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration :
a fluctuating pattern of breathing with a gradual increase in its depth and sometimes in its rate to a maximum, then followed by a decrease that results in apnea; these cycles ordinarily vary, including coma, from an affect upon the nervous centers of respiration. [cf: Cheyne-stokes psychosis; Cheyne's nystagmus]

chicken head :
slang for a protruding horn or knob of rock (eg: granite) that's useful as a handhold or sling protection point.

chimney :
a narrow vertical opening within or between rocks, being a cleft, crack, or fissure with almost parallel sides that's often vented at the surface, and is wide enough to admit the climber's body. Also, a method of full or extended body maneuvers that use force or tension against opposing rock walls so as to ascend or descend such a rock formation.

chimney rock :
a 19th century Americanism for a spire of rock rising above the level of the surrounding area, or a vertical column isolated on the face of a steep slope; so-called by its resemblance to a man-made smokestack structure.

chine :
a deep and narrow ravine formed in rock by the action of running water, often sharply angled; derived from gape or crack open, as a fissure or crevice. Also, a ridge or crest of land; a backbone or spine, an arete / arête.

chink :
a narrow opening, such as a crack, cleft, or fissure; probably derived as a corruption of 'chine'.

chinook :
a warm dry wind that intermittently blows down (katabatic) from a mountain, increasing in temperature as it descends; this foehn is also known as the "snow-eater wind".

chipping :
to permanently improve a handhold by shaping or removing rock; a practice considered unethical.

chock :
a wedge or block, typically forming an obstacle to free passage. Also, a naturally occurring stone that's wedged in a crack or chimney, that may be used as an anchor.

chockstone :
a chock or wedge in a rock formation that's used as a point of attachment.

Chomo-Lungma / Chomolungma :
Sherpa and Tibetan name for Mount Everest, meaning the "Goddess Mother of the Land".

choss :
loose or "rotten" rock. [nb: Australian slang for loose rock; British slang for dirt and weeds found in rock cracks]

choss pile :
slang for an unappealing route, or a disagreeable mass of rock.

Christie / Christy :
any of several skiing turns used when changing direction, decreasing speed, or stopping, especially a turn in which the skier's body is swung around by momentum while the skidding skis remain parallel; introduced by the Austrian ski guide Hannes Schneider, and so-called after Christiania, the former name of Oslo (Norway), so as to differentiate it from telemark. [cf: stem christie, royal christie] [nb: Open Christiania skiing demonstrated by Sondre Norheim (ca1868)]

chronograph :
a timepiece capable of demarcating very brief intervals of elapsed time.

chronometer :
any timepiece that's been designed for the highest accuracy where very exact measurement of time is required, as for use in determining longitude in celestial navigation.

chute :
a vertical or sloping opening caused by erosion or glacial action, generally wider than a chimney; an inclined channel or steep shaft that often serves as a conveyance. [ety: derived from "to fall" (French: 'cheoir')]

cinch :
to secure or bind firmly, as to gird with a cinch [v: girth, cincture, cingula, surcingle]. Also, a firm hold or tight grip; to "cinch up" is to constrict or tighten. Also, something easy or assured; simple, predictable, guaranteed.

cirque :
a bowl-shaped mountain basin with steep walls, as carved by glaciation, and often containing a small round lake at its blunt end; a semicircular or crescent-shaped basin with steep sides and a gently sloping floor that's situated at the head of a valley or on a mountainside, formed by glacial erosion.

clamber :
to climb with effort or difficulty using both feet and hands; to scramble or scrabble.

class system :
a numerical designation that rates the relative difficulty of a trekking or climbing route; Class I: a moderately strenuous jaunt; Class II: a hike, the steepness of which sometimes requires the use of hands for balance; Class III: an ascending hike requiring handholds, and involving relatively serious exposure to falling, such as steep talus; Class IV: a climb over steep rock with smaller holds, and greater exposure in which a fall could be fatal, such that ropes should be carried, and knowledge of knots, belay techniques, and rappelling is obligatory; Class V: any climb sufficiently steep to mandate the use of ropes and technical gear, which ascents are progressively gradated in increments from 5.0 to 5.14.

clastic :
composed of particles or fragments (clast) of older rocks or previously existing solid matter. Also, able to be broken into parts or pieces or portions; dividing into fragments, fragmental.

clawing :
to advance up an icy slope by alternating the use of an ice ax pick, an ice hammer pick, and the front points on the climber's crampons.

clean :
to remove all hardware and equipment from a route. Also, a route that does not require the addition of invasive protection, such as pitons, bolts, or copperheads. Also, any route that's free of loose vegetation and rocks (choss). Also, to complete a climb without falling or resting on the rope (hangdogging).

cleaning tool :
a narrow, hook-shaped, metallic accessory device that's used for removing jammed hardware and other protective equipment (eg: bolts, cams, nuts, etc) from a route; also known as a 'nut key' ... and useful after climbing as a beer bottle cap-lifter.

clear :
the call made to the belayer and other climbers that the person ascending or descending is off of the line; the term "safe" is also used to inform others that the rope is no longer being used.

cleat :
a projection, of various shapes and constructions, which is intended to serve as a check or support, as in tethering or belaying ropes.

cleave :
a contranym meaning both to cling or adhere closely as well as to split or separate along a natural line of division; to join or sever, to stay or advance.

cleft :
a space or opening made in the rock by cleavage, such as a crack or split.

clench :
to grasp firmly or grip tightly. Also, something that holds fast. [cf: clinch]

cliff :
a steep rock face or high precipice.

climbing area :
any region offering a multitude of vertical and/or technical challenges to a climber's skillset.

climbing boots :
originally, any rugged outdoor boot suitable for hiking, then later developed as specialty footwear with rigid insoles, cleated outer soles, "sticky" rubber-coated sides, ankle support, and so forth; also called 'climbing shoes' and often worn with gaiters.

climbing bum :
an enthusiast who travels from one mountainous area to another, taking odd jobs as necessary to minimally finance living expenses, gear and clothing replacements, and essential repairs to body or mind, so as to partake in the soulful communion of high altitude grace; also called "dirt bag". [v: ski bum, surf bum, scuba bum]

climbing command :
any short directive, concise instruction, or simple statement that can be clearly understood at a distance and under adverse conditions, as communicated between one climber and another, between the leader or belayer and a climber.

climbing gym :
a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

climbing harness :
an arrangement of tied rope or sewn webbing, worn around the thighs and waist, and sometimes the chest and shoulders, that helps to secure the climber's body to the ascent/descent rope or to anchor points, from which hardware is suspended, and to which attachments are made.

climbing iron :
one of a pair of spiked frames that are strapped to the shoe or leg to help when climbing trees, poles, or the like; also called "climbing spur".

climbing shoe :
specialized supportive footwear, typically only ankle-high for maneuverability, which includes a "sticky" rubber-coating extending partway up the sides, and features a sole that will not deform when the climber's full weight is balanced upon the toe or edge; also called 'climbing boots' and often worn with gaiters.

climbing skins / climbing socks :
temporary coverings for skis that enable a person to ascend a snow-covered slope without herringboning or side-stepping; these tubular strips were originally made of exposed (rough-out) sheepskin, then later of mohair and textured synthetics, and variously affixed, including "slip-on tie-down skins" that laced into place, and "stick-on skins" that pressed on and peeled off. The textured climbing socks pulled-on over the tail of the skis, and were held in place by friction. Some modern touring skis include a "fish scale" pattern to accommodate this need for gripping or resistance.

climbing socks :
often worn in doubles to accommodate the need for padding and to wick perspiration (or other moisture) away by repulsive capillary action, so as to prevent the climber's feet from freezing; often a pairing of silk and wool stockings. Also, a pull-on type of climbing skins (qv) used on skis to enhance their grip while moving upgrade.

climbing technique :
particular moves or maneuvers that a climber applies when ascending or descending (eg: jam or bridge, deadpoint or smear, crank or crimp); those skillcrafts necessary for safe and successful climbing; that skillset essential for proficiency.

climbing tower :
a free-standing, flat-topped, pyramidal climbing structure, usually erected outdoors, that presents four different Artificial Climbing Wall (ACW) faces as man-made arrangements of climbing problems or difficulties, which is used in training students or challenging competitors.

climbing wall :
a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

clinch :
fastened or secured together. Also, to hold something fast; to make an object secure. [cf: clench]

-cline :
combining form (eg: anticline, decline, eugeosyncline, geanticline, incline, isocline, monocline, syncline) meaning slope.

clinometer :
an instrument used for determining angles of inclination or measuring the degree of slope. [nb: not 'inclinometer']

clipper :
a sudden violent storm that originates on the lee side of the mountains during winter that pushes a fast moving low-pressure system into the lowlands, often distinguished by a rapid drop in temperature and gusty winds, with a small amount of snowfall; it's so-called by association with the fast moving sailing ships that were made in America during the 19th century.

clipping / clipping-in :
attaching to a belay line or anchor with a carabiner for protection.

cloud banner :
a plume-shaped cloud extending downwind from an isolated mountain peak; also called "banner cloud".

cloud cap :
a stationary cloud directly above an isolated mountain peak; also called "cap cloud".

clough :
the channel of a steep-sided watercourse that is dry except during periods of rainfall; a gulch or ravine.

clove hitch / clove-hitch :
a double-crossover knot that's used for fastening a rope to a larger rope or to a fixed object (eg: spar), consisting of two half hitches made in opposite directions with the beginning and end of the attachment also pointed in opposite directions; also called "builder's knot".

coccolith :
a microscopic calcareous disk or ring making up part of the covering of certain marine plankton and forming much of the content of chalk and limestone deposits.

col :
a gap or dip linking two mountains, or the depression between two high points on the same mountain, which exposed pass, smaller than a saddle, is used as a pathway.

cold camp :
a small overnight position, typically primitive, that lacks the usual amenities, such as hot food and fresh water; such a haven is also called a "fly camp" or "cold harbor".

cold pole :
the location having the coldest annual mean temperature, as situated in either the northern or southern hemisphere; also called "pole of cold". [nb: Vostok Station in Antarctica, situated at 11,444ft above sea level, registered a temperature of -128.6°F on 21 July 1983; by comparison, the lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole is -117.0°F; and Mount Logan in Canada, at an elevation of 19,685ft above sea level, recorded a temperature of -107.5°F in May 1991]

colossal :
that which is extraordinarily great in size, extent, or degree, as likened to the gigantic bronze statue of Helios, the Colossus of Rhodes.

combe / coomb / coombe :
a narrow valley or deep hollow, especially one enclosed on all but one side.

compression molding :
the process used to form a patterned outer sole with a supporting insole and heel counter, together with the vamp and uppers in a unitary construction that's both rugged and comfortable, as widely used in athletic shoes and hiking boots featuring various materials; also called "direct molded sole". [v: injection molding]

continuous climbing :
the ascent of a steep wall or face by two or more people who are connected by a rope in a series of incremental advances that are shorter than the length of a single rope. [nb: sometimes defined as the simultaneous movement of all members of a climbing party]

contour lines :
lines drawn on a topographical map that are used to display graduated variations in elevation, and other terrain features.

contour map :
a topographic map on which the shape of the land surface is illustrated by contour lines, with the relative spacing of the lines indicating the relative slope of the surface.

copperhead :
a malleable metal swage (once made of copper, but now usually aluminum) attached to a flexible wire loop that can be hammered into small depressions in the rock for protection in aid climbing.

coprolite :
a fossil consisting of animal fecal matter; also known as "alvinolith".

cord :
a thin rope, light cable, or common string made of several strands braided, twisted, or woven together.

cordage :
lines, hawsers, and the like collectively; especially all the sizes and lengths necessary for rigging a task (expedition) or object (yacht).

cordelette :
a long loop of accessory cord that's used to tie into several anchor points.

cordillera :
the principal mountain chain of a land mass.

Cordura® :
proprietary name of a woven nylon fabric that's flexible, durable, and vapor permeable.

Coriolis effect :
the deflection of a body in motion with respect to the earth as caused by the earth's rotation; originally misattributed to a hypothetical influence ("Coriolis force") by its French discoverer Gaspard G. Coriolis.

corner :
an inside angle of rock where converging surfaces intersect; being a V-shaped or L-shaped indentation that's the inside angled formation that's opposite of an arete / arête. Also, a secret or secluded place. Also, an awkward or precarious position from which escape will be difficult.

cornet :
a small cone of paper that's been twisted at the end so as to contain a small quantity of candy, nuts, tobacco, condiments, or the like; also called 'screw'. Also, a Briticism for an ice-cream cone. [v: cornucopia; cf: coronet]

cornice :
any surmounting prominence, as a wind-sculpted snow overhang or rock protuberance which is potentially unstable, as a projecting mass overhanging the side of a ridge; derived from 'crown' (cornix).

cornice bench :
(forthcoming)

corniche :
a winding path or contour route cut into the side of a steep hill or along the face of a coastal cliff; properly called a "route de corniche" or "route en corniche", as derived from "rock ledge road". [ety: French loanword]

corn snow :
Uunconsolidated granular snow that has under gone a short freeze-and-thaw process. [cf: firn, neve / névé]

corona :
a circle (or set of concentric circles) of white or colored light that's visible in the atmosphere and seen around a luminous body (especially the sun or moon), and is attributable to the diffraction caused by thin clouds, mist, or even dust. Also, a hot envelope of diffuse ionized gas that surrounds the sun, and is most visible during a total solar eclipse.

corrie :
a naturally rounded hollow in a hillside, such as a cirque or cwm; a steep bowl-shaped basin occurring at the upper end of a mountain valley that may contain a lake.

cot :
a lightweight portable bed, especially one constructed of canvas on a folding frame. Also, a small cottage or hut; a small place of shelter. Also, a protective covering or sheath, as for an injured finger or toe.

coulee / coulé :
a small valley or deep ravine (gulch) cut by the flow of intermittent streams.

couloir :
a large, steep, funnel-like gully that's often an open chute for falling ice, snow, and loose stones, which is potentially unstable. [ety: French loanword]

counterglow :
a faint, elliptical patch of light in the night sky that appears opposite the sun, being a reflection of sunlight by meteoric material in space; also known as "gegenschein".

country rock :
the native rock which surrounds, and is penetrated by, mineral veins or igneous intrusions.

cove :
a hollow or recess in a mountain, as a sheltered nook, cave, or cavern. Also, a narrow pass or sheltered area between woods or hills.

cowboy camping :
an allusion to spare and simple minimalism, wherein an overnight campsite is set open in a field under the stars without the protection of a tent, bivvy, fly, or natural shelter (eg: bower, lean-to, bohio, shebang, etc).

cowboy coffee :
an allusion to the field expedient practice of boiling unfiltered coffee grounds in potable water, then allowing the floating granules to settle by moving the pot off the fire, by adding a small amount of cold water to the top of the brew, or by adding eggshells to the brew; when the flavor weakens, the old coffee grounds are not discarded, but new grounds are added to the brew.

crab :
a sideling maneuver that heads partly into the wind to compensate for drift. Also, a mechanical contrivance for hoisting or pulling heavy weights; a truckle.

crab-walk :
to scurry or scuttle in a semi-prone crouched or hunkered posture, especially when sideling at an angle.

crack :
a slight opening or thin break without separation, as a fissure; a long narrow opening that's also called "crack line". Also, slang for a chance or opportunity, an attempt or try; also expressed as 'shot' or 'go', 'fling' or 'whirl'. Also, a sudden sharp noise.

crack climbing :
to ascend a rock surface by wedging one's body parts into cracks and other openings; also called 'jamming' and 'stemming'.

crag :
any steep or rugged rock, especially the broken or projecting part of a rough rock; akin to the Welsh term for rock [craig]. Also, informal reference to a small or confined climbing area, being one offering only a few routes on a single cliff, or a scattering of only a few boulders.

cramp / cramped :
a sudden and painful hyperflexion of a muscle (or set of muscles) that's caused by exhaustion, dehydration, hypoxia, or electrolyte imbalance (low sodium, potassium, magnesium, or calcium) ... as distinct from a physiological reaction to a disease state ... which involuntary contraction incapacitates the affected muscle(s) for seconds or minutes or hours without permanent damage or impairment, and may only be ameliorated by counterflexion and relief of the causative.

crampon / crampoon :
spikes or cleats fixed to a frame or plate that's attached by straps to the climber's boot to improve traction and to prevent slippage on ice and crusted snow; also called "creeper" or "ice creeper" ... some versions include a pair of spikes protruding beyond the toe of the climber's boot for use on vertical ice. [ety: French loanword derived from 'hook']

crank :
slang for pulling on a hanger or hold as hard as possible. Also, slang for expending total or maximum effort on an endeavor.

cranny :
a small narrow opening in a rock or rock wall; a chink, crevice, or fissure; as derived from notch or groove. Also, an obscure corner or nook; any small out-of-the-way place.

crash pad :
any thick mat that's used to soften landings or to cover harmful objects in the event of a fall; also known as a "bouldering mat" and as tumbling or exercise mats. Also, older slang for a spare room that's used exclusively for sleeping, before or after a climb.

crater :
a cup-shaped depression with a raised rim that was formed by the impact of a meteoroid on the surface, or that marks the orifice of a volcano; as derived from "mixing bowl" [krater]. Also, slang for a climber impacting the ground at the end of a fall, instead of being caught by the safety rope.

creep :
the gradual downhill movement of loose soil and gravel from the slow deformation of solid rock, resulting from constant stress applied over long periods; properly known as "solifluction". Also, the gradual but permanent deformation of a body produced by a continued application of heat or stress. Also, slang for a grappling iron or grapnel. Also, to slowly crawl, as on hands and knees, close to the ground.

creepers :
informal referent for crampons, being spikes or cleats fixed to a frame or plate that's attached to the climber's boots to prevent slippage on ice and crusted snow; also called "ice creepers".

crest :
the highest part of a hill or mountain range; the head or summit. Also, the highest point or level, as the climax or culmination.

crest cloud :
a stationary cloud parallel to and near the top of a mountain ridge.

crestline :
a ridge or ridge-like formation constituting the highest part of a hill or mountain range.

Cretaceous :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Mesozoic Era, from 140 million to 65 million years ago, characterized by the greatest development and subsequent extinction of dinosaurs and the advent of flowering plants and modern insects.

crevasse :
a fissure, or other deep cleft, in glacial ice or the earth's surface, that's caused by geologic tension or shifting.

crevice :
a crack forming an opening, as a cleft, rift, or fissure.

crimp / crimper :
a small but positive hold on a rock, with very little surface area; a negligible "finger-hold" or 'nub'.

cross-country :
narrow and lightweight Nordic (X-C) skis with toe-trap or cable bindings that are used when touring.

crown :
the top or highest part (of anything); crest or summit, vertex or apex. Also, the distinction that comes from a great achievement; an exalting or chief attribute. Also, the highest or most nearly perfect state of anything; the acme or supreme source of something. Also, a knot made by interweaving the strands at the end of a rope, often made as the beginning of a back splice or as the first stage in tying a more elaborate knot.

crud :
slang for wet heavy snow that clumps into dense irregular patches; a condition that inhibits and protracts movement across its surface.

crumple :
a collapse that creates a mash or crush of materials that contract into irregular folds or into a compact mass.

crux :
the essential part or pivotal point of a difficulty, which may be a single move or a particular pitch; the most challenging portion of a climb.

Crystal Mountain :
first reported in the 1880s as being situated in North Dakota, the existence of this invisible pile was inferred from the redoubtable mass of dead creatures accumulated around its base; in addition to its propensity to knock birds out of their flight in the sky, it tends to create echoes where none should exist, and to present distorted reflections from seemingly distant mirages. Pitons and crampons will not bite into this impervious lump, and snow only mocks its distortions. Every attempt to scale its heights has met with failure, often lamentable or disasterous. Geological surveyors have been unable to map it, and the aviation authority has dealt with this anomalous condition by posting a 'no fly zone' prohibition, explaining that "Nobody goes there anyway, and there's nothing to see, so it's no bother to anyone or anything! After all, this hazard could be higher than Mount Everest ... we really don't want to find out the hard way!"

Cubco® binding :
a heel-and-toe downhill (Alpine) ski binding that nested a toe insert at the front and a couple of small metal heel clips screwed into the back of the ski boot that were fixed in place by a tension lever that would release under the torque from a fall; introduced in 1950, this arrangement was imitated by others ("Rotomat" by Marker, "Grand Prix" by Look, etc) from 1966 onwards.

Cuben Fiber® :
proprietary name of a high-performance fabric that's used as an ultralight material for some bags and tents; also known as Dyneema.

cuckold's knot :
a temporary hitch that consists of a single loop with the overlapping parts of the rope seized together; also called "cuckold's neck", "ring seizing", or "throat seizing"; so called because the noose so made is insecure.

cul-de-sac :
any opening that terminates in a dead-end, or any entrance without an exit; as derived from "bottom of the sack" [v: blind alley; cf: fundus]. Also, any situation in which further progress is impossible.

cup :
any cup-like utensil, organ, part, cavity, or the like; such as either of the two forms that cover and usually support the breasts in a brassiere or similar garment (eg: bathing suit), or a concave plastic or metal shield used to reinforce an athletic supporter (ie: jockstrap).

Curie's law :
the law that the susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature; named after Pierre Curie.

cut :
a passage or route, often lateral, as in "cut across" or "cut over".

cut a corner / cut the corner :
to cross the space formed by the convergent intersection of two angled surfaces so as to use a shorter route. Also, metaphoric usage for reducing careand concern, or other real costs in execution.

cut-loose :
where a climber's feet swing away from the rock on overhanging terrain, leaving the climber hanging by only his hands; also known as "cutting feet".

cwm :
a steep draw or declivity/acclivity, as a combe or cirque. This Welsh term for 'high valley' was introduced to mountaineering by George H.L. Mallory, the British alpinist who died in 1924 on Mount Everest.

cycle shorts :
see bike shorts.

dab :
to throw a rope or line so as to make a connection; lasso.

daisy chain :
a specialized type of sling having multiple sewn or tied loops for attaching equipment; it's significantly weaker than a normal sling. [v: progressive failure]

Dakota fire hole / Dakota fire pit :
an ancient technique for building an efficient campfire that conserves fuel while reducing cooking time, which is also readily concealable; sometimes called an "outlaw's oven" or "hobo skillet", "sunken campfire" or "smokeless fire pit", this subterranean fire hole can serve a temporary primitive need or be used over a protracted bivouac throughout any weather or season. This fire pit consists of a straight-sided (or bell-shaped) hole (about 8"-18" area) dug in compact soil (without rocks or roots; not loose or wet dirt) with a sloping ventilation tunnel (on the windward side) connecting the base of the pit to the surface; burning a fire at the bottom of the hole will create a weak vacuum, drawing more fresh air through the sloping vent tunnel, which convection feedback cycle quickly creates an extremely hot fire that's useful for warmth or cooking. The higher temperature fire generated by this air intake system burns less fuel, boils water faster, and cooks food more effectively; the opening at the top may be overlaid with green sticks or a gridiron, or partially occluded by a flat rock to serve as a stove top or "hobo skillet". This fire pit will produce very little visible smoke and flame, and being below ground level, the flames are protected from blowing rain or snow, and gusty winds will actually enhance the campfire.

dale :
a valley, especially a broad valley.

dally :
to bind by friction, as to tether or belay the trailing end of a rope or line by loops or hitches; from "give it a turn" (Spanish: ("dale vuelt"). Also, to waste time, or to act playfully.

Dalton's law :
the scientific principle that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases of the mixture; this relationship is named after John Dalton, who first devised it, and is also called "Dalton's law of partial pressures".

Day-Glo® :
a trademarked name of pigments and other products that fluoresce in daylight.

dayglow :
airglow observed during the day.

day-tripper :
someone who goes on an outing or excursion lasting all or most of a day; also known as a "day hiker", "townie", or "tourist" ... scorned as superficial by aficionados.

day off / day-off :
an unscheduled period of time; a period for rest and relaxation, for attending to personal affairs and private business; a block or interval when someone is not assigned to perform a duty or accomplish a task, is not obligated to serve an assignment, is not required to work or labor.

deadeye :
a two-holed disk rove with line or lanyard, used for tightening or cinching attachments.

dead hang :
to hang limp, such that one's body weight is held by ligament tension of the skeleton, rather than by one's muscles.

deadman / deadman anchor :
an object (eg: snow fluke, ice screw, picket, etc) buried in snow to serve as an anchor for an attached rope; so-called because it doesn't require the judgment of a belayer.

deadpoint :
the precise moment of equilibrium wherein the opposing dynamic forces are momentarily balanced and the elements are at rest; the stillpoint when energy or torque can be transferred without compensation or adjustment. Also, a dynamic climbing technique wherein the handhold is grasped at the apex (apogee) of upward motion, which practice places the least stress on the hold and minimal strain on the arms.

dead zone :
that region, both above and below sea level, where existence cannot naturally persist nor be temporarily sustained without supplementary life-support or augmentation.

death cloth :
informal reference by rescuers to all cotton clothing worn in challenging or changeable outdoor situations, since cotton fabric (which is comfortable and absorbent) does not wick moisture away from the wearer's body, nor protect the wearer from wind, so contributes to the onset of hypothermia.

death of a thousand cuts :
this catch-phrase refers to a traditional method of execution in China, wherein a slow or lingering death of the condemned is caused by the torturous infliction of many small wounds, none lethal in itself, but fatal in their cumulative effect; also expressed as "death by a thousand cuts" or "slow slicing", from a classical allusion to the slow ascent of a mountain.

debouch :
to emerge from a relatively narrow valley upon an open plain, or to flow from a small valley into a larger one; as derived from 'mouth'.

debris / débris :
accumulated loose fragments of rock; as derived from "break up into pieces". Also, the remains of anything that has been destroyed; rubble or ruins. [ety: French loanword]

deck :
the floor or surface of the ground. Also, slang for a climber impacting the ground at the end of a fall.

decline :
a dropping angle or sinking slope, as a downward incline, or a declivity.

declivity :
a downward slope of ground, as a descent.

deep play :
a catch-phrase for recreational activity that does not benefit or reward the participant with advancement or profit or fame, offering only excitement and enlightenment, since "fun does not have to be fun"; exemplifies the proposition that "the way to heaven is through hell", and sometimes sardonically expressed as "Are we having 'fun' yet?!" Like adventure, it must be experienced to be appreciated.

deep water solo :
a free climb on a bluff or headland with enough water under the overhang to permit a safe fall.

DEET :
diethyltoluamide ingredient of the most effective insect repellents.

defile :
a narrow passage, as between mountains.

Delectable Mountains :
situated within 'Emmanuel's Land' in John Bunyan's allegorical The Pilgrim's Progress, from this World to that Which is to Come (1678-84) being the place from where the Celestial City may be sighted.

deliquesce :
to become liquid by absorbing moisture from the air. Also, to melt away.

dell :
a small valley, usually wooded.

Delrin® :
brand name of a hard, lightweight, and inflexible polymer that was synthesized from formaldehyde by DuPont in 1952; initially known as "synthetic stone", this material is used in manufacturing cable spools, light housings, belt buckles, knife handles, and the like.

Denali :
see Mount McKinley.

dene :
a sandy tract or low hill.

denouement :
the resolution of a situation, or the result of a doubtful series of occurrences; derived from "to untie the knot".

descend :
to move or pass from a higher to a lower place, as to go or come down. Also, to slope, sink, extend, or lead downward. [nb: descending is statistically more dangerous than ascending]

descender / de'scendeur :
a hardware device that's specifically designed for and used when descending a rope; purportedly stronger, safer, and simpler than a carabiner, a descender typically has an aperture for attachment to the climber's harness (to gear bag or litter) and an aperture (or several) for interlacing the rope, providing resistance for the delay in descent ... the configuration of some resembles the numeral '8' (with a smaller and larger hole), so is called a "figure-8 descender". [ety: French loanword] [nb: because the figure of eight, from an outline of the numeral '8', can be endlessly traced as a running motif without a break, it has been historically adopted as the symbol for infinity (∞) in mathematics and physics, astronomy and philosophy]

descent :
a downward inclination or slope; declivity.

detritus :
(forthcoming)

Devonian :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era, 405 million to 345 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of fishes and the advent of amphibians and ammonites.

dew point :
the temperature at which dew begins to form; being the temperature to which air must cool, at a given pressure and water-vapor content, for it to reach condensing saturation.

dhal bhaat tarkaari :
a traditional Nepali meal of lentil soup (dhal), cooked rice (bhaat), and mixed vegetables (tarkaari).

dial :
a plate or disk containing graduated markings, indicators, or figures, which registers some fractional number or measurement by means of a pointer. Also, a rotatable plate, disk, or knob used for regulating a mechanism, setting a calibration, tuning a frequency, or switching connections.

dialed / dialed-in :
slang for being very aware and fully informed about a course of action or a route of approach; for having a complete understanding of a particular problem or route, move or technique.

diamond ring effect :
a celestial phenomenon, sometimes observed immediately before and after a total eclipse of the sun, in which one of Baily's beads is much brighter than the others, as if the ring around the moon was setoff by a diamond solitaire.

Diamox® :
a diuretic, anti-epileptic agent, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor serving to suppress the onset of altitude sickness; also known as Acetazolamide.

diapir :
a dome, or anticline, the upper regions of which have been ruptured and penetrated by material squeezed up from below, such as a plume or salt dome. [ety: French loanword derived from 'pierce']

diedre / dièdre :
an open, wide-angled, V-shaped corner with more than a ninety degree angle between the rock faces. [ety: French loanword]

dihedral angle / dihedron :
an indentation formed by two intersecting planes, being the inside corner of a wide-angled formation that's opposite of an arete / arête; also called 'open book'.

dike / dyke :
a long, narrow, cross-cutting mass of igneous rock intruded into a fissure in older rock. Also, a similar mass of rock composed of other kinds of material, as sandstone. Also, an embankment, barrier, or other obstacle, especially one made from excavated material; as derived from 'ditch'.

dingleberry :
a gear bag or equipment pack that's attached by a tether or guy from the harness; also called "dangleberry" or "dillberry". Originated as field gear or operational equipment suspended from a paratrooper's harness after the canopy has properly deployed; later adopted by climbers incrementally hauling gear behind their advance.

dip :
the downward angle of strata that results from geological forces.

direct aid :
a tension climbing technique that uses one or more belay ropes to assist the climber up to the next point of protection.

dirt bag :
see climbing bum.

dog :
any of various mechanical devices, as for gripping or holding something. Also, a projection on a moving part for steadily advancing the motion, or for tripping another part with which it engages.

dogbone :
see quickdraw.

dog it / dogging it :
slang for perfunctory, indolent, negligent, careless, or remiss. [v: go to the dogs; cf: put on the dog]

dogs / doggies :
slang for feet.

dome :
a mountain peak having a rounded summit. Also, a large-scale circular structural feature, or one with a hemispheric vault, with flanks that gradually slope away from the center; an arched hollow in the roof of a cave that's often formed by a breakdown of mechanically weak rocks.

dope slope :
rhyming slang for the short slight hill where beginners are taught how to move on skis; also called "bunny slope", "nursery slope", and "idiot's slope" [idiotenhang (German)]. [nb: a beginner's slope usually has an extensive flat 'run out' area at its base since the first lesson is learning to balance while standing upright and walking, whether on Alpine (downhill) or Nordic (X-C) skis]

double bind :
the tying of a secondary knot in order to reinforce the primary knot, as an overhand below a bowline, or half-hitches on either side of a reef knot. Also, an inherent contradiction or dilemma, especially when one obedience would entail another disobedience.

double blaze / double-blaze :
a pair of distinctive marks, aligned vertically, used to signal an upcoming sharp turn in the trail to be followed.

double-dipsies / double-doodles :
rhyming slang for fooling around on a ski slope, especially when performing a sequence of short, high-speed, parallel turns along the fall line while Alpine (downhill) skiing; perhaps derived from "doodlefool", "-fooler", "-fooling", or "-foolishness".

double fisherman's bend / double fisherman's knot :
a very secure knot that can be used to bend two similar pieces of rope or webbing; also known as a "grapevine knot", it is prone to jamming with heavy loads and can be difficult to remove. With three turns on each overhand, it is called a "triple fisherman's bend" or 'barrel knot' (qv), which is as strong as the rope and is the only bend that should be used with synthetics (eg: Spectra). The double or triple fisherman's bend is often used to bend two lengths of rope that will be used for a continuous rappel.

double hitch :
a Blackwall hitch with an extra upper loop passed around the hook.

double rope / double ropes :
the technique of using two half ropes (qv).

down climb / downclimb :
to descend by climbing, instead of rappelling, after attaining the top, apex, or summit.

dragrope :
a rope that's been attached to something and is then used to tow, drag, haul, or hoist it. Also, the end of a rope that's hanging loose or trailing behind its point of attachment; a trailing-end.

draw :
a small natural drainageway with a pitched shallow bed and sloping sides; being a distinctive topographic terrain feature, such as a gully, coulee, or ravine; this term purportedly derives from its function: to draw water down the slope.

drift :
a heap of matter or material that's been driven or forced together. Also, loose material, such as sand or gravel, that's transported and deposited by glacial ice or meltwater. Also, an approximately horizontal underground passageway (gallery).

driphole :
a hole in the floor of a cave that was formed by dripping water.

dripline :
a line on the ground at the entrance of a cave that's formed by water dripping from the overhead rock; this dripline demarcates the beginning of a cave in a defined survey.

drip spring :
see seep / seepage.

dripstone :
the general term for a secondary mineral deposit formed from dripping water, as in a cave.

dromedary bag :
a large capacity water container that's portable, flexible, and collapsible.

droxtal :
a tiny ice particle, formed by direct freezing of supercooled water droplets with little growth directly from the vapor, causing most of the visibility reduction in ice fog; the term derives from a combination of the words drop and crystal.

drum :
a long narrow hill or ridge.

drumlin :
a long smoothly rounded hill, narrow or oval, composed of underlying unconsolidated till or unstratified glacial drift; introduced to the lexicon in 1833 as derived from Gaelic for "littlest ridge or mound" (droimnín). An extended, oval hill or ridge, longer than wide with one steep and one gentle slope, that's composed of compacted sediment deposited and shaped by glacial drift in the direction of encroachment.

dry freeze :
the occurrence of freezing temperatures without the formation of hoarfrost.

dry sack / dry bag :
a 'bivy' or 'stuff-sack' (qqv).

dry tooling :
the use of ice tools when ascending an elevation containing sections of both bare rock and ice or snow; the use of assistive tools, such as crampons and ice axes, when ice climbing on both snow and rock.

DTED :
Digital Terrain Elevation Data; a survey catalogue generated by the SRTM mission, and made available to the public from the USGS's National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS).

duckbill :
a ski boot sole extension using lightweight and flexible 50mm plastic in one or another version of clamped toe pin binding (often with the bale notched for either 7mm or 11mm) on Nordic (cross-country) skis. [v: skate ski racing]

duck-walk :
to walk like a duck, as to scurry, scuttle, or waddle when squatting with legs apart and feet turned outward, which posture and gait is quite appropriate for maintaining one's balance during some low-profile movements.

dulfersitz :
see abseil. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

Duluth pack :
a portage pack that rides low, so as to not interfere with canoe carrying, and often includes a chest- or waist-belt and tumpline.

dune :
a sand hill or sand ridge formed by the wind, usually in desert or beach regions.

dunnage :
baggage or personal effects.

dust devil :
a small whirlwind made visible by the dust and debris it picks up while advancing, being common in dry regions and around windbreaks; also called "willy-willy".

dust well :
a hollow in the surface of a glacier, formed by the melting action of dust or soil deposits.

duvet :
a down-filled quilt or comforter, often with a removable cover. Also, a padded, down-filled jacket. [ety: French loanword]

Dynamic® :
proprietary name of a high tech fabric developed by Schoeller that is hard wearing, elastic, and breathable; composed of Cordura, Lycra, and plyamide.

dynamic belay :
a method of stopping a long fall by using smooth braking to reduce stress on the protection points and avoiding unnecessary trauma from a too abrupt halt.

dynamic motion :
any rapid climbing technique wherein bodily momentum is used to advance along the line of ascent ... as opposed to static climbing, a technique wherein three-point suspension and slow but steady controlled movement is the rule.

dynamic rope :
designed with elastic properties for shock-absorbency, which lessens impact on both anchors and climbers; especially used by lead climbers, as opposed to static rope.

dyno :
an aggressively dynamic move wherein the climber launches himself so as to grab a handhold that would otherwise be out of reach, such that both feet will briefly leave the rock face until after the hold is caught; the uninitiated call this maneuver a "jump" or "leap".

earthshine :
the faint illumination of the part of the moon that is not illuminated by sunlight, as during a crescent phase, which is caused by the reflection of light from the earth.

easy :
gradual; not steep or severe. Also, not forced or hurried, not burdensome or difficult; moderate, comfortable, or easygoing.

edelweiss :
(leontopodium alpinum) a small composite plant having white flowers and woolly leaves that grows in the high altitudes of the Alps; often used as a symbol of mountaineering. Also, a liqueur made in Italy that's flavored with extracts from alpine flowers; term derives from "noble white".

edge :
the border or margin along which a surface terminates; a delimiting rim, brink, or verge. Also, a thin rock ledge. Also, to gradually or cautiously make one's way by moving sideways. Also, a small margin of advantage, gained or acquired.

edging :
wedging the sole of a climbing shoe or boot onto a foothold, especially for sideways advancement ... in the absence of a crack or edge, smearing with the side of the climbing shoe or boot.

eggbeater / can-up :
slang for any hard or bad fall on skis, especially when the skier tumbles or pinwheels out of control.

Egyptian :
a technique that reduces arm tension while holding a side grip.

eight-thousander :
any mountain with an elevation at or above 8,000 meters above sea level, comprising fourteen such worldwide.

elevation :
the height to which something rises; its altitude above sea level or ground level. [nb: Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano in Hawaii, has a base-to-summit height of 33,480 feet, but because its base is on the floor of the Pacific Ocean, its height above sea level is only 13,784 feet; by comparison, Mount Everest, on the Tibetan plateau in the Himalayas, far above sea level, has a base-to-summit height of 29,028 feet, and is rated as the highest mountain in the world]

eliminate :
the imposition of artificial restrictions, out-of-bound routes, or prohibited holds and/or moves that are intended to increase the difficulty and the challenge of bouldering.

eluvium :
a deposit of soil, dust, or the like that's formed from the decomposition of rock, and is found in its place of origin. [cf: alluvium]

embouchure :
the opening out of a valley into a plain. Also, the mouth of a river.

eminence :
a projecting height or elevation.

enchainment :
the combination of two or more difficult routes that are strung together as a singular enterprise; the conjunction of two or more descents, often accelerated, as by glissading, skiing, or paragliding to the base.

enormous :
that which greatly exceeds the common size, amount, extent, magnitude, or degree;being beyond normal standards.

Eocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era, occurring from 55 million to 40 million years ago, characterized by the advent of the modern mammalian orders.

eolith :
a chipped stone of the late Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era that was once thought to have been flaked by humans but is now known to be the product of natural agencies.

epic :
an ordinary climb rendered more difficult by the addition of complicating or compounding factors, such as darkness, adverse weather, climber injury or incapacity, equipment loss or failure, and so forth; such adversity turns a challenge into a feat.

equipment weenie :
anyone more obsessed with the technical tackle and artful accouterments of climbing than with the act or artistry of climbing, as in form over function, often an overloaded novice who seeks engineering solutions for the natural challenges to his inexperience ... what should be an epic story of adventure becomes instead a romance between a climber and his tools; also called a "gearhead", "hardware junkie", or "tool freak".

erode / erosion :
the process (gnawing or eating away) by which the surface of the earth is worn away by the action of winds, water, ice, agitation, and other natural forces, with the remnant or residue deposited downwind, downstream, or down slope.

erratic :
something, such as a boulder, that has been carried by glacial ice and deposited some distance from its place of origin.

escalade :
to mount or surmount, pass or enter by means of ladders; as a scaling by ladders, especially an assault on a fortification.

escarpment :
a long precipitous ridge of land or rock, commonly formed by the faulting or fracturing of the crust; also called "scarp".

esker :
a serpentine ridge of gravelly and sandy drift, believed to have been formed by streams running under or within glacial ice; as derived from 'ridge of mountains' (Irish: "eiscir"), and commonly called a "horseback".

etrier / étrier :
originally a series of loops (sometimes held open by aluminum or wooden rungs) that're tied about eight to ten inches apart on a climbing rope secured to an anchor, which are used as artificial footholds when ascending a seamless rock face; later, a heavily stitched webbing that lines up several triangular stirrups along its length for climbing advancement without the availability of natural holds on a featureless rock face ... sometimes called 'aider' or "sling stepladder", and used instead of an ascender with sling. [ety: French loanword]

eugeosyncline :
a former marine zone, bordering an ocean basin, marked by very thick deposits of sediment in which the products of volcanic activity are associated with clastic sediments; also eugeosynclinal.

EVA :
Ethyl Vinyl Acetate, which is often used to manufacture footwear midsoles; see compression molding. [v: injection molding]

excursion :
a short trip or outing to some place, usually with the intention of a prompt return. Also, a deviation or digression, as from a planned journey. Also, a sally or raid; as derived from sortie.

expansion bolt :
a fastening screw with an untapered shaft that mechanically expands within an unthreaded hole so as to increase its resistance, which enhanced friction enables it to bear an increased load as an anchor. [cf: molly bolt, toggle bolt]

expedition :
a journey made for a specific purpose; as derived from expedite.

exposed climb :
a climb from which a fall would be very dangerous, if not fatal.

exposure :
empty space below a climber, usually referring to a great distance above the deck through which the climber could fall.

eXpyralon® :
proprietary name of a static kernmantle rope made of extruded synthetic-fiber that has been calculated by the manufacturer (Oops, LLC) to deteriorate after an elapsed period, then disintegrating into ecologically safe debris; each bundle of rope is clearly marked with its expiration date, and a warning about using outdated rope on excursions or expeditions.

extender :
see quickdraw.

extremophile :
a primitive microorganism that can exist at both sub-zero and boiling temperatures, in either acid or alkaline mineral salts, and still viable after more than ten atmospheres of pressure, some of which feed on and others of which convert their rock habitats.

eye :
a noose or loop at the end of a ROPE or LINE, often woven or "eye-spliced" and whipped for strength as a permanent feature, in a towline, prolonge-knot join, or other toggle linkage. Also used to form a stirrup-line. A knotted eye may be formed, by bowline or other non-slipping knot, as an improvised sling or stirrup.

eye of the storm :
an opening in storm clouds that's relatively calm, especially an area of low pressure in the centre of a tornado.

eye of the wind :
the direction from which the wind is blowing, being an expression adopted from nautical parlance.

eye splice :
a loop made in a rope by turning back one end upon itself and interweaving (splicing) its strands into the main body of the rope; often finished with a binding overhand whip.

face :
a sheer unbroken vertical front, such as a big wall or cliff.

face climbing :
the ascent of a featureless vertical rock face using finger-hold pockets, thin edging, and smears ... not crack climbing.

fairlead :
a rigging guide or fitting for pulley, thimble, block, or capstan which prevents chafing of the sheet or line.

fairy mound :
the mythical dwelling place of supernatural entities; a mound or hill [sídh] inhabited by a race of preternatural beings.

fairy stone :
a fossil or other oddly shaped stone or crystal, including a stone arrowhead. Also, a megalith or other stone monument of ancient origin.

fall :
the part of the rope of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. Also, to drop unexpectedly or to descend uncontrollably, without check or restraint, as by the force of gravity. Also, that which collapses or topples, subsides or abates, succumbs or forsakes.

fall factor :
the length of the fall divided by the amount of rope paid out.

fall line :
the natural path of descent on a slope, requiring the greatest resistance for ascent; the course of optimal transition across or between slopes. Also, the natural division between upland and lowland, as from plateau to plain; being derived from the line separating falling water (portage) from smooth water (navigable).

false summit :
a misreading of the terrain, wherein one feature is mistaken for another; a misapprehension of the top of a mountain and the conclusion of the climb, as by a too anxious anticipation.

fanny pack :
originating as a belt with pouches that was used to hold small medical items, but was later developed into a zippered envelope that was belted around the waist with snap hooks, and then was expanded into a compact kidney or hip pack designed to carry rescue and survival supplies, initially by EMT-trained professional Ski Patrolmen, and subsequently by any outdoorsman who "needs" more creature comforts than can be jammed into his too many cargo pockets ... sometimes worn in lieu of a day pack on short treks, for toting possibles and necessities while canoeing, or when carrying self-defense items while jogging. Made of various materials (eg: canvas, nylon, leather, etc) in a variety of sizes, it's suitable for climbers who do not want to wear a hardware sling or trail a baggage retrieval line. [aka: bum bag / bum-bag (by Brits, Aussies, and Kiwis)]

fast :
held firmly, or firmly fixed in place; secure, closed, taut. Also, permanent, lasting, resistant, or unchangeable. Also, loyal, devoted, adherent.

fast ice :
ice that is grounded on or attached to the bottom of an area covered by shallow water.

fault :
a break in the continuity of a vein or a fracture in the body of rock, with displacement or dislocation of one element relative to another along the plane of the fracture ("fault plane"). Also, a defect, flaw, or imperfection.

fault cave :
an opening that's developed along a faulted rock fracture, by preferential dissolution, and may have been augmented by abrasion from solid particles transported in water.

fault line :
the intersection of a geologic fault with some plane of reference, such as the surface of the earth.

FecoFile® :
(fee-ko-fyl) proprietary name of a capped section of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing that's designed to provide airtight and watertight storage for human waste, as used during multi-day "big wall" ascents and descents.

Ferrel's law :
the law that wind is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, as derived from the application of the Coriolis effect to air masses; named after the American meteorologist W. Ferrel.

fid :
a long, smooth, tapered, wooden tool used to open the strands of a rope or line for splicing.

field jacket :
a thigh-length lightweight coat or jacket with four cargo pockets and a removable insulating liner that was introduced during WWII as a practical alternative to the bulky overcoat or greatcoat; it has been re-styled several times since its inception (collar, epaulets, gussets, closures, etc), and is now waterproof ... widely available as inexpensive surplus. [nb: not to be confused with the battle jacket (Ike jacket) or bomber jacket, the military-issue fatigue jacket or paramilitary bush / safari jacket]

fifi hook :
(fee-fee hook) an attachment that's always secured to the front of a novice's harness for either temporary or emergency clipping into a piece of gear; this ready link builds confidence in an inexperienced climber.

figure-eight / figure-8 :
a knot tied on a bight or on a bend in the shape of the numeral '8', which is used to weight the trailing end of a rope, to secure the rope to the harness, or to act as a stop at any point along the length of the rope; sometimes called "savoy knot" or "Flemish knot". Also, the most common shape for a descending device (with a smaller and larger hole); usually called a "figure-8 descender". [nb: because the figure of eight, from an outline of the numeral '8', can be endlessly traced as a running motif without a break, it has been historically adopted as the symbol for infinity (∞) in mathematics and physics, astronomy and philosophy]

figure-8 descender :
see figure-eight, descender.

figure four / figure-four :
metonymic allusion to an advanced climbing technique requiring strength, agility, and a solid handhold, wherein the climber hooks a leg over the opposite arm, then pushes down with that leg to attain a greater vertical reach; considered preferable to a dyno, and most useful on vertical or overhanging routes, it's increasingly used on ice walls where ice climbers put a leg over their embedded ice axe.

fingerboard / finger board :
a training aid used for strengthening a climber's hands, wrists, forearms, and shoulders; a large piece of wood with individual strips of wood attached as used by experienced climbers to increase strength in their fingers by doing exercises without the use of their legs or feet. [nb: potentially harmful to finger tendons and ligaments if tried when not warmed up]

finger-hold / fingertip-hold :
a small but positive hold on a rock, with very little surface area; a 'crimp' or 'nub'.

fingerlock :
a technique in crack climbing wherein the climber's fingers are wedged (often painfully) into a small pocket or onto a thin edge as a secure purchase on the rock.

firn / firn snow :
old snow, which by compact granulation, changes into ice; literally 'before', meaning last year's.

firnification :
the process by which old snow changes into neve / névé, or granular snow that's compacted into glacial ice.

first ascent :
a climber's first successful completion of a route.

fish dance :
slang for the ludicrous antics or fantastic gyrations that are performed in a vain attempt to regain composure after a climber slips, stumbles, or falls off his perch.

fisherman's bend / fisherman's knot :
see double fisherman's bend, barrel knot, blood knot, triple fisherman's bend, or grapevine knot.

fissile :
capable of being split, cleaved, or divided.

fissure :
a narrow opening produced by cleavage or separation.

fissure cave :
an opening that's developed along a narrow vertical cleft from the splitting of rock under tension, solution or erosion.

fist jam :
wedging a hand (often painfully) into a crack or fissure.

five-fingered discount :
slang for theft or thievery; see camp robber.

fixed belay :
; as opposed to 'running belay'.

fixed pro :
protective aids or hardware (eg: bolt, nut, cam, piton, etc) that's left permanently embedded in the rock. [nb: the rule of thumb on protection is: if you didn't install it, then don't trust it!]

fixed rope :
a climbing rope secured to a steep slope or cliff face by natural or artificial anchors that's used as a hand or guideline to aid climbers and trekkers while ascending or descending ... most often used when a group is shuttling gear up or down the route.

flagging :
the practice of extending a limb so as to maintain one's balance, instead of supporting some portion of one's bodily weight; often useful to forestall barn-dooring.

flail :
to climb awkwardly, ineptly, or without composure; to make clumsy or uncoordinated moves, especially as a result of fear or panic.

flake :
a stratum or layer of rock. Also, any small piece or mass, especially a small, flat, thin piece that has become detached from a larger piece or mass; a thin slab of rock detached from the main face.

flamed / flamed-out :
slang for totally exhausted or utterly finished, as without any reserves; cooked or burned-out / burnt-out. [v: wrecked]

flapper :
slang for a loose piece of skin, which is usually field-repaired by applying adhesive tape / duct tape or SuperGlue, with or without antiseptic.

flared chimney / flared crack :
the walls of a crack or chimney that widen or spread out as it is exposed to the outside; the walls of a crack or chimney that are not parallel, but form convergent planes as the fracture in the rock deepens ... a crack or chimney with uneven sidewalls.

flash :
slang for the successful completion of a climbing route on one's first attempt after receiving only a recent beta brief; also called 'beta flash'.

flat sennit :
a rope made of three or more strands of yarn plaited together; also called "common sennit" or "English sennit".

flip-flop :
slang for accomplishing something in parts, in increments, or in portions; the practice of segmentally executing an outing, especially an arduous venture, in sections or stages, in legs or stretches, depending upon time constraints, skills acquired, or other interruptions (eg: injury, weather, permits, etc).

float :
any loose fragment of rock that has been moved from one place to another by natural action (eg: wind, water, heave, quake, etc), and is found, isolated and exposed, lying on the surface of the ground. Also, any mineral in suspension.

flowstone :
a layered deposit of calcium carbonate that's been left by thin sheets of flowing water, as in a cave.

flume :
a deep narrow defile containing a mountain stream or torrent.

flute :
a usually insecure flake of rock or fin of ice; an unreliable or untrustworthy edge.

fluting / fluted :
a set of parallel grooves or furrows sculpted into snow and ice by persistent winds, concealing hazards and inhibiting traverse.

flux :
continuous change, passage, or movement, as a flow.

fly :
a flap forming the door of a tent. Also, a sheet, fabric or otherwise, suspended horizontally about head height, or extended from the ridgepole of a tent, that serves as an awning to provide shelter from the rain or sun in an encampment.

foehn / föhn :
a warm dry wind descending from a mountain.

fogbow :
a bow or arc of white or yellowish hue that's seen against a fog bank; a rainbow formed by fog droplets; also called "mistbow", "seadog", or "white rainbow".

fogdog :
a bright or luminous spot that's sometimes seen in a fog bank.

follow / follow-on :
the route taken after the lead by successive climbers in the assault party.

foot :
the lowest part, as the bottom or base of a hill; being the point from which its elevation is measured.

foothill :
a low hill at the base of a mountain, or a region of low hills below a mountain range, such as piedmont or plateau (mesa).

foothold :
a place of solid support for the feet; a place where a person may stand securely; a reliable grip used by the climber's feet. Also, a secure position, as a firm basis for stance or lodgement, for further progress or development.

footprint :
the mark, often distinctive, of a track or spoor. Also, the surface space occupied by something, such as a groundsheet or tent.

footrope :
from sailing parlance, a rope suspended between two anchors to give footing to a person traversing a rock face; also called a "ratline". Depending upon the distance suspended, one or more stirrup-lines may be used to support its load.

footwall :
a mass of rock lying beneath a fault plane. Also, the top of the rock stratum underlying a vein or bed of ore.

fossil :
any preserved remains or imprint of prehistoric life, usually from a former geologic age, such as petrified parts preserved in stone or trace impressions preserved in strata.

foul :
obstructed or entangled, as a rope. Also, stormy or inclement, as weather.

fourteener :
any mountain with an elevation at or above 14,000 feet (4,300 meters) within the contiguous United States.

fracture :
any break, split, or crack, as of bone or rock. Also, the characteristic appearance of a broken mineral surface, especially along fault lines.

frazil :
small cake-shaped pieces of ice floating down rivers; term also used to describe sheet ice forming offshore.

free climbing :
dynamically ascending a route with hands and feet, without ropes, hardware, or belay; climbing without artificial (unnatural) aids, other than those employed for protection. [nb: although ropes and anchoring devices are employed for protection, they are not used to bear the weight of the climber or for upward progress]

free solo / free-solo :
dynamically ascending a route without ropes or hardware, aid or protection.

freeze-dry / freeze-drying / freeze-dried :
a severe weather condition wherein the moisture evaporates in the sub-zero temperatures, causing the fallen snow to diminish and the ice to shrink, such that outdoor exposure feels worse than the numeric registry implies, which enervation can debilitate the participants, compromising their mission. Also, a process for removing moisture from heat-sensitive substances, such as foods and beverages, lyophilized serum and blood plasma, antibiotics and the like, by first rapidly freezing the substance and then subliming the frozen solvent in a high vacuum; developed (1938) during WWII, this preservative technique allows freeze-dried foods to be reconstituted without a loss of nutrition. [v: parch; cf: cryobiology, cryogenics]

French Prusik :
the use of a Prusik knot (qv) tied in place above the descender and secured to the climber's harness as an automatic self-belay or self-arresting safety backup when rappelling; also called autobloc / auto-bloc.

French rating system :
a scale of numbers and letters used to rate the difficulty of climbing routes in mountainous terrain [ie: A0: French-free, A1: easy aid, A2: moderate aid, A3: hard aid, A4: serious aid, A5: extreme aid, A6: extremely severe aid; classes may be subcategorized by plus or minus sign (eg: A3+ or A3-)]

freshet :
the sudden rise in the level of a stream, or a flooding that's caused by heavy rains or by the rapid melting of snow and ice.

friable :
easily crumbled.

friction :
the surface resistance to relative motion, as of a body sliding or rubbing against that of another; a climbing technique that relies upon the resistance generated by the slope of the rock surface and the climber's body, especially his hands and feet, to support the climber's weight during ascent ... as opposed to the use of cracks and fissures, holds and ledges.

Friend® :
proprietary name (by Ray Jardine) of a spring loaded camming device (SLCD) that's used for anchor points in rock cracks; sometimes used generically.

front point / front-pointing :
a method of ascending steeply vertical or overhanging ice by use of the two forward and two frontal spikes on the mounted crampons so as to gain purchase with the simultaneous assistance of a pair of ice axes for proper balance.

frost :
the degree, state, or condition of coldness sufficient to freeze water. Also, a thin film or covering of minute ice crystals, formed from the atmosphere at night upon the ground and exposed objects when they have cooled by radiation below the dew point, and when the dew point is below the freezing point; also called "hoarfrost", "silver frost", "silver thaw", "glaze", "rime", or "verglas".

funicular :
pertaining to a rope or cord, or its tension. Also, worked by a rope or cable or the like (eg: funicular railway).

funicular railway :
a short cable railway operating in very steep terrain, wherein the ascending and descending cars are counterbalanced.

furo / ofuro :
a short deep Japanese bathtub, often provided with a seat, in which a person sits upright while soaking in hot water.

futon :
a thin, quilt-like mattress that's placed on the floor for sleeping, then either folded and stored, or used as seating at other times; as derived from 'rush-mat seat' (Chinese).

gait :
a manner or style of perambulation; to walk or stroll, jog or run, step or skip in a distinctive fashion.

gaiter :
a protective covering of cloth or leather for the ankle, from instep to lower leg, that's worn over the cuff of the pants and the shoe or boot; also called "legging". Also, a type of cloth or leather shoe with elastic insertions at the sides. [cf: jodhpurs]

gallery :
an approximately horizontal underground passageway in a cave, mine, earthwork, or fortification; also known as a drift. Also, a raised, balcony-like platform or passageway running along the interior or exterior wall of an earthwork, fortification, building, or other structure.

Gamow bag :
(gam-off) a portable man-sized mini-environment that simulates conditions at a lower altitude, as used for rescue in mountain aid stations; invented by Igor Gamow, this inflatable pressure bag can fully contain a person who needs help to alleviate the symptoms of altitude sickness. Essentially a small portable hyperbaric chamber, it can be inflated with a foot pump to pressurize it, simulating a descent of over 1500m (up to 3000m) in altitude. Initially developed as a capsule, called "the bubble", to increase the strength and speed of athletes by generating more red blood cells, it proved to be commercially unsuccessful, so it was adapted for use by climbers, and later sold to DuPont.

gantline :
a rope rove through a single (pulley) block that's hung from a stanchion or other anchor, used as a means of hoisting tools or workers; as derived from earlier "girtline", being a line for girding.

gap :
a deep sloping ravine or cleft through a mountainous ridge, a mountain pass; a low area along a ridge between mountains, as derived from "chasm".

gardening :
a colloquialism for clearing loose rock or debris from a base or perch to prevent a disturbance that may cause falling objects to injure others during an ascent or descent. Also, the act of moving loose material from a tight or awkward passage so as to increase accessibility.

gargantuan :
that which is gigantic, huge, colossal, elephantine, or vast; as derived from the amiable giant, noted for his enormous capacity for food and drink, as depicted in Rabelais' Gargantua (1534) and Pantagruel (1532) by Francois Rabelais.

garland :
a band, collar, or grommet, as of rope. Also, a set of gracefully linked turns or loops, both right and left, made on a downhill slope while skiing.

gaston :
a climbing handhold that's grasped from the side, with one's elbow protruding or jutting out (akimbo); perhaps derived as an allusion to the caricature of the exquisitely polite (yet bumbling) Frenchmen, Alphonse and Gaston, who were intermittently featured in cartoons and comedy skits by Frederick Burr Opper from 1901 through 1937, always posed with elbows sharply extended in an absurd parody of formality.

gate :
the part of a snap-link or carabiner that opens to admit the rope or harness webbing or any of various protective hardware aids, which is sometimes designed to lock.

geanticline :
an anticlinal upwarp of regional extent; also geanticlinal, from earth [geo] + anticline.

gearhead :
anyone more obsessed with the technical tackle and artful accouterments of climbing than with the act or artistry of climbing, as in form over function, often an overloaded novice who seeks engineering solutions for the natural challenges to his inexperience ... what should be an epic story of adventure becomes instead a romance between a climber and his tools; also called an "equipment weenie", "hardware junkie", or "tool freak".

gegenschein :
see counterglow.

gelande :
a terrain jump performed while downhill skiing; as derived by shortening [geldndesprung]. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

gelandelaufer / geländeläufer :
a participant in cross-country (X-C) or Nordic skiing. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort literally meaning countryside + runner]

gelid :
very cold, or icy; as derived from "frost".

gendarme :
a prominent rock outcropping; an isolated rock tower that's usually situated along a ridge. Also, the pinnacle at Seneca Rocks, WV. [ety: French loanword meaning 'soldier']

Geneva rappel :
a modified abseil / dulfersitz wherein only the hip and downhill arm are used to generate friction, instead of the more complex arrangement involving the hip, chest, shoulder, and back, which reduced resistance offers less control but greater simplicity.

geodesic dome :
an hemispherical structure consisting of a curvilinear framework wherein a grid of triangular or polygonal faces is projected so as to form a rounded figure under tension, as developed by R. Buckminster Fuller (1955).

geological survey :
a systematic investigation of the geology of an area, including geophysics and topography.

geologic formation :
the process of depositing rock or mineral consisting of a particular composition or origin, being a body of rocks classed as a stratigraphic unit.

geologic time :
a consideration of historical geology as set in a succession of eras, periods, and epochs.

geologist's hammer :
see rock hammer.

geology :
the science dealing with the physical history and dynamics of the earth, its rocks and physical features, their composition and characteristics.

geostatic :
pertaining to the pressure exerted by the weight of overlying rock. Also, a construction resistant to such pressure.

gerry rail :
slang for a handhold or foothold that's large enough for the most inexperienced of climbers.

getting schooled :
a colloquialism for learning something "the hard way", as by some painful failure or humiliating setback, especially on a difficult patch of rock; instruction in the "school of hard knocks". [v: empiricism]

geyser :
a geothermic hot spring that intermittently spews fountain-like jets of water and steam into the air; as literally derived from 'gusher', from one ("Icel Geysir") so-called in Iceland.

geyserite :
a variety of siliceous sinter deposited about the orifices of geysers and hot springs.

ghat :
a mountain pass; also spelled ghaut. Also, a mountain range or escarpment.

gigantic :
that which is very large or huge, as likened to a giant.

gill :
a ravine. Also, a brook or rivulet.

gimlet / gimblet :
a small tool used for boring narrow holes that consists of a pointed screw shaft with a perpendicular handle. [v: auger; cf: awl]

glacial cave :
an opening formed within or beneath a glacier or ice sheet.

glaciation :
to be affected by the actions of ice.

glacier :
an extensive mass of ice that has been formed by the accumulation of fallen and compacted snow. A "valley glacier", which is replenished from above, slowly proceeds or recedes along the slope by incremental freezing or melting. A "continental glacier" slowly expands or contracts from its central accumulation by similar changes in temperature and precipitation.

glacier snake :
a scaly, elongated, limbless reptile with the general appearance of a serpentine icicle, having a milky translucence that's irregularly reflective when irradiated, being one of the nonvenomous species, and rare enough to be considered extinct by some glaciologists, but widely believed to be treacherous enough to weaken an icefall or cornice by boring so as to insidiously entrap any unwary travelers; its diet principally consists of oxidized ozone and photosynthetic ice crystals. Anthropologists believe that its eggs inspired the construction of the first snowballs, and that the nest of the glacier snake motivated arctic denizens to imitatively build the igloo for shelter.

glacis :
a gradual or gently angled rock slope. [ety: French loanword]

glaze :
a thin coating of ice, especially as "glaze ice" or "glazed frost", being that coating of ice formed on terrestrial objects when rain freezes on impact; also called "frost", "silver frost", "silver thaw", "rime", or "verglas".

glissade / glissading :
a skillful glide over snow or ice when descending a mountainous slope, as if on skis or toboggan, but improvised on feet, buttocks, and/or back. [ety: French loanword]

glop :
any gooey or gelatinous substance, such as soft unappetizing food; a slop, wad, or goop ... probably the origin of 'gorp'.

gnarl :
to twist into a knotted or distorted form, being anything distorted or contorted with knots or protuberances; derived from 'gnarled'.

gnarled :
something bent, twisted, or knotted; derived as a variant of 'knurled'. Also, having a rough or rugged appearance, as being weather-beaten. Also, being cantankerous, contentious, contrary, ill-tempered, ill-humored, disagreeable, irascible, choleric or splenetic.

gnarly :
that which is gnarled. Also, slang for something distasteful, distressing, offensive, or gross. Also, by antiphrasis, slang for something fascinating, diverting, gratifying, satisfying, or agreeable.

gobie / gobies :
(go-bee) the ugly, crusty, flesh wounds on a rock climber's hands from the repeated injuries incurred while jamming or wedging; the lumpy encrustations of scabs over scabs resulting from the repeated injuring of a climber's hands on rough rock surfaces while crack climbing.

gobsmack / gobsmacked :
a Briticism for surprised, astounded, taken aback, shocked or startled, as if having been suddenly struck in the mouth; among Brit, Aussie, and Kiwi climbers, this exclamation refers to being immensely impressed. [v: awesome; cf: gobful, gobshite]

golo :
a metal wedge.

gondola :
an open railway car with low sides that's used to transport cargo or freight. Also, an enclosed cabin that's suspended from an overhead cable for use in transporting passengers, as up and down a ski slope.

G10® :
brand name designating an extremely durable material used to fabricate lightweight, strong, and corrosion-resistant items that're made of woven fiberglass saturated by epoxy resin, which is then compressed and baked.

goonboards / goonie boards :
slang for primitive or homemade skis, which are usually short specimens with little camber.

goop :
expressive slang since the Korean War-era for potted meat spread, which has been privately purchased as a supplement to government rations since the late 19th century.

Gordian rope :
alludes to the irregular tangles of kinks and loops that the rope sometimes forms, which spontaneous arrangement resembles the intricacy of the Gordian knot. [cf: Gordian worm (nematomorph)]

Gore-Tex® :
proprietary name of a breathable membrane (available in three grades) that's used to line boots and outerwear as a waterproof barrier against rain, sleet, snow, and other wet conditions.

gorge :
a narrow cleft with steep rocky walls, especially one through which a stream runs. Also, a small canyon; as derived from "throat" (gullet). Also, an obstructing mass, such as an ice gorge.

gorp :
a mixture of nuts, seeds, raisins, chocolate chips, and processed grains, that's eaten as a high-energy snack by hikers and other outdoorsmen; being the generic term for trail mix or Granola, it probably derived as a corruption of "glop", albeit as a (mis-)interpreted acronym for: "Good Old Raisins and Peanuts". [nb: called "scroggin" in Australia] [nb: people living above 12,000ft altitude must consume 11% more nutriments to compensate for anoxia or hypoxia]

gouffre :
(goo-freh) a pit, pothole, cavity, maw, or shaft, having vertical access. [ety: French loanword]

gouge :
fragments of rock that have accumulated along the walls of a fault; a layer of decomposed rocks or minerals found along the walls of a vein.

GPS :
Global Positioning System, being a geostationary SATELLITE navigation system instituted in 1978 using 24 geosynchronous satellites capable of great accuracy, and useful for rapid fixes on land and at sea; a location plot requires triangulation, while fixing altitude necessitates a fourth index.

grade :
an interval or step in a scale of value or calibration, represented by a letter, number, or symbol; as derived from "walk" or "moving step". Also, the measured inclination with or from the horizontal, as in classifying the level of a slope; an index of difficulty based upon physical features. Also, to taper or reduce the angle of a slope, by natural or mechanical means, such that progressive degrees pass more consistently. Also, a step or stage in a course or process.

grade rating :
a relative scale (I-VI) that informs the trained climber of the elapsed time necessary for the completion of the route. [ie: I: several hours, II: about half of a day, III: about three-fourths of a day, IV: long hard day, V: one and a half to two days, VI: longer than two days]

gradient :
the measurable degree of inclination or declination of a slope, or the calculated rate of change for an ascending or descending fluid or moving body on such a slope. Also, an inclined surface, grade, or ramp. Also, progressing by walking; stepping with the feet as animals do.

grain :
the lamination or cleavage of stone and the like, its constituent pattern of texture or markings; the irregular appearance of granulation. Also, the smallest measure of weight in the American system, equal to 0.002285 ounce (0.0648 gram); as derived from a seed, being any small hard particle (eg: sand, gold, salt, pepper, gunpowder, etc). [cf: against the grain]

grapevine knot :
a very secure knot that can be used to bend two similar pieces of rope or webbing; also known as a "double fisherman's bend", it is prone to jamming with heavy loads and can be difficult to remove. With three turns on each overhand, it is called a "triple fisherman's bend" or 'barrel knot' (qv), which is as strong as the rope and is the only bend that should be used with synthetics (eg: Spectra). The double or triple fisherman's bend is often used to bend two lengths of rope that will be used for a continuous rappel.

granny knot / granny's knot :
an incorrect version of a square knot, wherein the ends cross in the same direction, which allows the bights to slip, producing an insecure knot; also known as "lubber's knot", so called in contempt. Also, any poorly made or unreliable knot, especially one that's a tangle or confusion of interlacements.

Granola® :
the trademarked name of a breakfast cereal consisting of rolled oats, nuts, dried fruit, brown sugar, and similar ingredients; possibly inspired by the dry ingredients for making a fruitcake; mistakenly used as a synonym for gorp or trail mix.

grapnel :
a device consisting of one or more hooks or clamps that's used for holding or grasping; also called a "grapple", "grappling iron", "gang hook", or "creep".

graupel :
a grain-like snow, or particles of snow that are irregular and lumpy. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

gravical / gravication :
slang for the adrenaline flush brought on by an unimpeded view of the distant ground from a significant height, often accompanied by nervous sweating, difficult breathing, joint weakness, and vertigo.

gravity :
the forceful attraction of all terrestrial bodies toward the center of the planet; such 'heaviness' is a persistent and inexorable resistance to departure; the earth's gravitational field exerts pressure upon falling objects at a rate of acceleration equal to about 32feet/second/second.

grease / greasy :
slang for any difficulty in acquiring and/or retaining a hold, as when affected by an excess of slick sweat or by the slipperiness of the rock.

green flash :
a green coloration, caused by atmospheric refraction of the upper portion of the sun, that's occasionally seen as the sun rises above or sinks below the horizon; also known as "Neptune's wink" when observed at sea, and "zodiacal light" for its occurrence in a narrow band called the 'zodiac' or plane of the ecliptic.

Grigri® :
proprietary name of a self-locking belay device developed and manufactured by Petzl; designed for safety and simplicity, having an auto-locking feature that's engaged under load, it's deemed to be most suitable ("idiot-proof") for beginners.

grip :
a strong, firm, or secure grasp; to seize and hold fast. Also, something that seizes and holds, as a clutching device on a suspended cable car or aerial tramway. Also, the handle of a tool or the hilt of a weapon. Also, a small traveling bag or tote; also called gripcase. Also, a firm or strong handshake; a special mode of clasping hands, as amongst members of an in-group. Also, possessed of a mental or intellectual hold that conveys ability and competence, as when facing, controlling, or coping with one's emotions.

gripped :
descriptive of someone who is frightened or scared, fearful or intimidated, based upon the tense clasp or grip (over-gripping) exerted upon the rock.

grit :
hard abrasive particles, as of sand or gravel. Also, a coarse-grained siliceous rock, usu. with sharp, angular grains. Also, the granular texture of stone, sandpaper, or other abrasives, with respect to coarseness or fineness. Also, firmness of character, or indomitability of spirit; mettle, fortitude, intrepidity, temerity, vim, nerve, backbone, pluck, spunk, guts, sand.

groom / groomed :
a slope or trail made neat and tidy, prepared and structured, attended and accessible.

groove :
an indentation in the rock that's neither deep enough to be a crack nor defined enough to be a corner.

grot-hole :
a colloquialism for a small insignificant cave with no further leads, usually tight and difficult to manoeuvre.

grotto :
a cave or cavern; a subterranean chamber. Also, an artificial cavern-like recess. Also, among cavers and spelunkers, a den, lodge, or clubhouse for event planning and socializing.

ground man :
informal designation of the expedition organizer, who is responsible for arranging funding and/or sponsorship, lodging and transportation, purchase and transfer of supplies and equipment, establishment and supervision of base camp(s), including any rescue party or medical intervention; the ground man enables the climbing team to concentrate on training, planning, and executing their assault ... as with a coach, the ground man is not a participating climber.

ground moraine :
detritus deposited beneath the encroaching ice during glaciation.

groundsheet :
a piece of waterproof fabric that's spread on the ground, as under a sleeping bag, for protection against moisture (vapor barrier) and to provide insulation; also called a ground cloth.

ground trogging :
the systematic search of ground surfaces for cave entrances; also called "trogging".

grovel / groveling :
an obvious exhibition of poor style or bad technique while climbing; to have been humiliated by a particular route, as derived from "crawling face downward" in abject humiliation. Also, a climbing route judged to be without any redeeming virtue.

guideline :
an Americanism for a rope or cord that serves to guide someone's steps, as over rocky or unfamiliar terrain.

gulch :
a deep narrow ravine, especially one marked by a watercourse.

gulf :
a deep hollow, as a chasm or abyss. Also, any great or wide separation. Also, something that engulfs or swallows up.

gullet :
a channel, ravine, or cut; derived from "throat".

gully / gulley :
a small valley or ravine, worn by flowing water and serving as an intermittent drainageway; derived as an apparent variation of 'gullet' being a draw or gulch.

gumby :
slang for an inexperienced climber ... in some cases, this novice is unsafe to other climbers, being a disaster waiting to happen.

gumbied :
a novice climber who's awkwardly splayed on the rock face ... perhaps "frozen" in place by panic.

gurge :
a gorge, as derived from the swirl of a whirlpool.

gut :
a metaphoric allusion to any narrow passage, such as a defile between hills.

gut bomb / gut-bomb :
a quantity of food, not particularly appetizing or nutritious, that lays dormant in the consumer's stomach, patiently waiting to explode!

guy :
a cord or line used to guide or retain (stay), as when constructing a shelter; also called "guyrope" or "guyline".

gym climbing :
a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

gymnastics chalk :
see chalk.

HACE :
High Altitude Cerebral Edema, being a rapid swelling of the brain that can be fatal; symptoms include: confusion, fatigue, fumbling / stumbling (ataxia), impaired speech, vomiting, hallucinations, and impaired vision leading to paralysis, seizure, and unconsciousness or coma; treat with bed rest after descending to a much lower altitude.

Hacky Sack® :
the brand name of a beanbag, filled with foam or plastic pellets, that serves as a gaming device in a recreational entertainment wherein the beanbag is tossed from one body part to another in a continuous motion, by one or more persons, without the beanbag falling to the ground; also called "foot bag", which juggling exercise is a celebration of nimble adroitness, of facile dexterity, which may prove useful in other activities.

HAH :
High Altitude Hack, or Khumbu cough (qv).

hairpin :
sharply curved back, such as a U-shaped turn in a route or path; derived by comparison with the slender wire device used by women to fasten their hair or hold a headdress.

hair twister :
a device, sometimes called "tarabilla", that twists horsehair into a cord when the block is rotated on the spindle; the resulting cord is then braided or twisted together with other such cords to form a rope.

half hitch / half-hitch :
a knot made by forming a bight and passing the end of the rope around the standing part and through the bight.

half-moon :
the phase of the moon, at either quadrature, when only half of its visible disk is illuminated.

half rope / half ropes :
best used for more complex ropework, or for when lower impact forces on shared ropes will help to make the most of dubious protection, or where abseiling is necessary; also called 'double rope".

halo :
any of a variety of bright circles or arcs that are centered on the sun or moon, which are caused by the refraction or reflection of light by ice crystals suspended in the earth's atmosphere; also called "nimbus" or "aureole".

hammock :
a knoll or hillock. Also, a tract or hillock of land elevated above the general level of marsh or swamp lands; also called "hummock". Also, a cord or fabric bed that may be secured or suspended from one or two supports; originating as a section of general purpose netting (typically used for sling loads) tied-off with two short ropes (normally used as Swiss seats or gear slings).

handhold :
a place of solid support for the hand(s); a secure or reliable grip used by the climber's hands.

handle :
a strong, firm, or secure grasp; to seize and hold fast to a substantial grip. Also, informal referent for a large banana-shaped handhold; also called 'bucket', 'jug', or 'bomber', as often provided on indoor climbing gyms (ACW). Also, the grip of a tool or the hilt of a weapon.

hand traverse :
to cross a slope at a lateral angle or slant without any definite footholds.

hangdog / hangdogging :
guilty of resting on a suspended rope or piece of protection, especially while toproping or lead climbing on sport routes, which is only suitable for a degraded or contemptible person.

hanging belay :
an uncomfortable belay on steep rock that's undertaken while the belayer is suspended without a stance.

hanging rock :
an overlapping or overhanging rock that protrudes horizontally from its supporting base; a section of outcropping rock that juts sideways or extends laterally outward from a wall, which is its only point of connection.

hanging valley :
a tributary valley whose lower mouth is set above the floor of the main valley, which difference in alignment is often the result of geologic movement or of glacial erosion; a subsidiary valley separated from but debouching into the lower primary valley; an elevated tributary valley that ends suddenly with a steep cliff or waterfall where it meets the side of a larger, deeper valley, usually as a result of differences in glacial erosion or of flowing water cutting through different densities of rock.

hanging wall :
a mass of rock overhanging a fault plane; a superincumbency. [v: jut / jutting, beetle / beetling; cf: undercut / undercutting]

HAPE :
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema, being an accumulation of excess fluid that prevents effective breathing by interfering with the proper exchange of air; a form of altitude sickness caused by poor acclimatization, wherein symptoms include breathlessness, congestion, pink sputum, cough, rapid pulse, elevated temperature, bluish lips and nails (cyanosis), fatigue, impaired judgement, and confusion leading to unconsciousness or coma; treat with supplemental oxygen (if available) and bed rest after descending to a much lower altitude. HAPE may be mistaken for Khumbu cough (High Altitude Hack), bronchitis, asthma, or pneumonia, which confusion may be resolved by descent.

harbor :
any place of shelter or refuge, such as a cold harbor, where travelers may be housed or contained.

hard-and-fast :
to tightly tie, often with more than one knot, the trailing end of a rope or line to a secure anchor or base; as "to make it hard-and-fast", as derived from a nautical description of a ship run aground, something that's unalterable, unchangeable.

hard-laid :
in ropemaking, describes the lay of a rope that is at a relatively great angle to its axis; also called "short-laid". Also refers to a tight or compact rope, as being "hard-spun".

hard line :
difficulty or hardship, hindrance or disadvantage, detriment or drawback, bad luck or ill fortune; as derived from the boundaries that delineate one's place or station, position or situation in life [re: "The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage" Psalm 16:6]. Also, uncompromising commitment or unyielding adherence; devoted or dedicated.

hardware :
all of the metal items, from carabiners and descenders to bolts and pitons, used in technical climbing; as opposed to "software" (eg: ropes, webbing, gloves, protective clothing, etc). Also, dismissive slang for awards or distinctions (eg: medal, trophy, plaque, etc), as when disdaining "hardware collecting" as immature; a stylistic insult to competitors.

harness :
the combination of straps or bands and other parts that form the working and safety gear of a climber, from which hardware is suspended, and to which attachments are made; also called 'climbing harness' (qv).

harness hitch :
a knot forming a loop around a rope, especially one formed at the end of a bowline.

Harney Peak :
a mountain in southwest South Dakota, and the highest peak (7242 ft) in the Black Hills.

harvest moon :
the phase of the full moon occurring nearest to the autumnal equinox (22 September).

hasty rappel :
see abseil. [nb: the rope is straddled by the climber, then looped around a hip, across the chest, over the opposite shoulder, and down the back to be held with the downhill hand to adjust the hip and shoulder friction so as to control the speed of descent]

haul bag :
a large and often unwieldy container that holds supplies and equipment, which is drawn up a slope after the climbers have ascended, and are either pausing midway enroute, or are establishing an overnight base, during which some of these items (especially water and foodstuffs) will be used; sometimes called a 'dingleberry' or "pig" / "pig bag".

haversack :
originally a single-strapped oat bag that was worn over one shoulder, but this word was later used to refer to any bag that was slung over one or both shoulders for carrying rations or other supplies.

hawser :
heavy lines used in rigging and mooring; as distinguished from "rope".

hawser bend :
a knot uniting the ends of two lines or cables.

headland :
a promontory that extends into a large body of water. Also, a wilderness or untamed area that borders or delimits a cultivated or civilized region.

head point :
the practice of toproping a hard route before leading it cleanly.

headwall / head wall :
the portion or sector of a cliff or sheer rock face that steepens dramatically.

heap :
a group of things lying one on another. Also, a great number or quantity; multitude. Also, to load or fill abundantly.

heat index :
a number representing the apparent effect of the actual temperature and the relative humidity as perceived by humans, which is obtained by combining these two variables into an experiential temperature-humidity index; abbreviated 'H.I.'

heat tabs / heat tablets :
compressed fuel tablets or disks, usually pale-blue trioxin or hexamine, used for re-heating canned food or for cooking pre-packaged meals.

heave :
to lift or hoist. Also, to forceably throw something, especially a weighted line (eg: heaving line). Also, to pull or haul on a rope, line, cable, or the like.

heaving line :
a light cord or thin rope, with its trailing end weighted by a knot, that's used to toss between footholds for transferring larger cables; also known as a "messenger line" or "throw line".

heel hooking :
see hook.

helmet :
a protective shell covering the head as a defense against impact, variously made of molded plastic or Kevlar, polystyrene or leather, with or without a visor, sometimes leaving the ears exposed; some chin-strap versions are designed to be worn over an insulated head covering (eg: stocking cap, watch cap, balaclava, etc); sometimes called "soup bowl", "brain bucket", and "skid lid". [v: coif]

Henry's law :
a scientific principle stating that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the liquid, provided no chemical reaction takes place between the liquid and the gas; this relationship is named after William Henry, who first devised it.

herringbone :
a method of ascending a slope on skis by forming a series of offset Vs in a track up the fall line, with the ski tips widely spread and the heels nearly touching, while placing the skier's weight on the inside edge of both skis.

hex nut / hexcentric nut :
an eccentric hexagonal nut attached to a wire loop that's used as a protective device; a climbing nut is inserted into a rock crack and it holds through counter-pressure; often just termed "hex" or 'nut'.

highline :
a line loosely suspended between two anchors for the secure conveyance of persons or goods, especially in rescue operations; also called "slackline". Similar to a single-strand rope bridge, but used for passive transfer by an attached guy line or tethered hauling line that's regulated by a belay. A secondary safety line may be run parallel or inferior to, but independent of, the primary highline.

hiker box :
a container of lost, leftover, discarded, or donated items, including freebie foodstuffs, which is usually located in an animal-proof shelter, hut, or hostel.

hill :
a natural or artificial elevation of the earth's surface, including downhill, uphill, hillside, hilltop; smaller than a mountain.

hillock :
a small hill, such as kopje/koppie, and sarcastically as molehill.

hip pack :
see fanny pack. [aka: bum bag / bum-bag (by Brits, Aussies, and Kiwis)]

hitch :
a knot or lashing tied to an object, especially a temporary or adjustable attachment that's secured by crossing itself; any of various knots or loops made to attach a rope to something in such a way as to be readily loosened; to temporarily tether by means of a rope or strap. Also, to move, advance, or haul by short pulls or jerks. Also, to snag or catch, as on a projection. Also, an unexpected difficulty or delay.

hoarfrost :
a thin covering of minute ice crystals that forms at night upon the ground and exposed objects from the atmosphere when they have cooled (by radiation) below the dew point; also called "frost", "glaze", "rime", or "verglas".

hochwende :
a stunt wherein a downhill skier turns halfway around in midair after launching into a ski jump. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

hockle :
the separation and kinking of the yarns of a rope through twisting against the laid spin during use; a knob in a strand of line cordage that spreads and weakens the spun yarn ... a backspin kink that weakens the rope or line.

hog :
a scornful term of reproach, censure, or rebuke; to selfishly [mis-]appropriate more than one's fair share, as with time or resources, turns or access (eg: "line hog", "trail hog", etc).

hogback :
a long, sharply crested ridge, generally formed of steeply inclined strata that are especially resistant to erosion; also called "razorback".

hold :
a hand or foot support on rock(s); a place to temporarily cling, grip, hang, jam, press, or stand during the process of climbing.

hole :
in non-technical usage, a remote valley surrounded by uplands and replete with resources (eg: water, timber, game, etc); often associated with an early explorer (eg: Jackson's Hole, Brown's Hole, Pierre's Hole, Gardner's Hole, Firehole, Woods Hole, Croaker Hole, etc). Also, any opening or gap, especially a hollow place in a solid mass, such as a cavity or vacancy. Also, an embarrassing position or awkward predicament.

hole in the wall :
a small place or a confined space, especially one that is dingy or shabby. [cf: hole up]

Holocene :
noting or pertaining to the present geologic epoch, originating at the end of the glacial period, about 10,000 years ago, and forming the latter part of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era.

hommock :
a ridge in an ice field; also called "hummock".

hondo :
the eye or loop, tied or fabricated, at the terminal end of a rope or line; often used as a running knot when forming a lasso.

honed :
metaphoric allusion to being in peak condition, mental and physical fitness, for climbing, trekking, or other arduous outdoor activities; slang for being hale, hardy, robust, toned, buffed, or prime.

hoodoo :
a pillar, column, or other upright of rock left by erosion, usually of fantastic shape. Also, bad luck; or the person or place associated with its occurrence.

hook :
a small metal hardware device (eg: bat hook, fifi hook, skyhook) used in aid climbing. Also, a maneuver wherein the climber uses a toe or heel, wrist or elbow at a twisted or arched angle so as to make contact with a hold for improved balance, or for additional support or leverage.

Hooke's law :
this law states that the stress on a solid substance is directly proportional to the strain produced, provided the stress is less than the elastic limit of the substance; formulated by Robert Hooke, an English physicist.

hook 'n' loop fastener :
see Velcro.

hook 'n' pile fastener :
see Velcro.

hop wedel :
an especially fast and dynamic type of short parallel turns made with the tails of both skis lifting off the surface of the slope while skiing downhill.

horizontal ladder :
a ladder-like structure (approximately 12 to 20 feet long) that's elevated above the ground (approximately 8 to 10 foot height) in a generally horizontal plane for physical exercise, bodily coordination, and muscular development, such that this apparatus was widely installed on playgrounds for children and on obstacle courses for military personnel; some variations include C-shaped, S-shaped, inclined, and double-offset (like uneven parallel bars). [v: brachiate / brachiation]

horn :
a large, pointed protrusion of rock that's useful as a handhold or sling protection point.

horseback :
a low, natural ridge of sand or gravel; the common name for an esker.

hostel :
an inexpensive lodge, often arranged barracks-style with bunk beds, for the use of venturesome trekkers or budget-minded travelers, which "guest house" or inn is sponsored and supervised by a non-profit organization. [ety: hospital]

hot spot :
informal referent for a region of molten rock below and within the lithosphere that persists long enough to leave a record of uplift and volcanic activity at the earth's surface.

hot spring :
a thermal spring having water warmer than 98°F / 37°C, which water is usually heated by emanation from or passage near hot or molten rock.

huge :
that which is extraordinarily large in bulk, quantity, or area, being something very great, massive, or gigantic; as derived from "height".

hummock :
a knoll or hillock. Also, a tract or hillock of land elevated above the general level of marsh or swamp lands; also called "hammock". Also, a ridge in an ice field; also called "hommock".

hump :
a low rounded rise of ground, as a hummock. Also, a mountain or mountain range. Also, to carry a load or burden on one's back, as to "hump the rucksack". Also, to exert oneself in a great effort. Also, to hurry or hustle.

hunter's moon :
any of the phases of a full moon occurring in the falltime season, between the autumnal equinox (22 September) and the winter solstice (22 December).

hurricane lamp / hurricane lantern :
a candlestick or oil lantern protected against drafts or winds by a glass chimney. [cf: dark lantern]

hut :
a small dwelling of simple construction that's made from natural materials, especially a roofed shelter with one or two sides left open to the outdoors; sometimes containing sleeping platforms and a stacked stone fireplace, as used for temporary housing.

hutment :
a partially prefabricated building, made of tent canvas stretched over a wood frame with four-foot high wooden walls, a wood floor, a wooden door at each end, and heated by a primitive wood/coal stove; used in military and mining camps since the Spanish-American War. Also, the grouping of such half-wood and tent structures into a camp. [cf: rag house]

Hydrofil® :
proprietary name of a nylon fabric from Honeywell that's designed to wick moisture away from the wearer's body so it can evaporate; often used as an inner- or underlayer with an outer fabric.

hydrolaccolith :
a mass of ice, formed from water that found its way beneath the surface, spreading laterally into a lenticular body, that when frozen, this intrusion between two sedimentary beds forces overlying strata to bulge upward, forming a mound.

HYOH :
(highyo) abbreviation forming a catchword meaning: Hike Your Own Hike; being a philosophy of autonomy wherein each hiker sets his own pace and determines his own goals, such that people who are faster or slower, more adroit or more awkward, more energetic or more leisurely cannot interfere with anyone else's experience of the great outdoors ... this attitude applies equally to climbing and canoeing and mountain biking.

hypothermia :
a subnormally low body temperature that's caused by exposure to cold and wetness, the symptoms of which are sluggishness, apathy, and reduced mental capacity.

hypoxia :
an abnormal debilitating condition in which the body's oxygen intake or use is inadequate.

ibuprofen :
a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that's used for reducing local pain and swelling, as of the joints; commonly called 'vitamin A' and 'vitamin M' by climbers and trekkers. [ety: ibuprofen: by contraction, rearrangement, and respelling of its chemical name isobutylpheny propionic acid (C13H18O2)]

ice :
the solid form of water (or another liquid) produced by freezing. Also, informal term for anything frosted (eg: icing) or crystallized (eg: diamond), especially when cold (eg: unemotional). [v: "on thin ice" (precarious), "break the ice" (begin), "cut no ice" (unimpressive), "on ice" (abeyance)]

ice ax / ice axe :
a mountaineering tool that's used like an alpenstock to anchor belays or to probe for crevasses, and like a pickax to chop a trail of steps or holds through snow or ice; having an adz-like blade and a pick on the head of its long shafted handle, with a spike on the other end. [cf: adz, tranchet, burin, celt]

iceblink :
a yellowish luminosity near the horizon or on the underside of a cloud that's caused by the reflection of light from sea ice; also called "blink", as derived from 'blink' meaning gleam, twinkle, glitter, or shine.

ice cave :
an opening formed in permanent or seasonal ice, sometimes excavated for survival.

ice creepers :
informal referent for crampons, being spikes or cleats fixed to a frame or plate that's attached to the climber's boots to prevent slippage on ice and crusted snow; also called "creepers".

ice-crystal haze :
a type of very light ice fog composed only of ice crystals (no droxtals or water vapor) that's usually associated with ice crystal precipitation, and is observable to altitudes as great as 7000m. Viewed from the ground, ice-crystal haze may be dense enough to hinder observation of celestial bodies, sometimes even the sun. However, when viewed from above, the ground is usually visible and the horizon only blurred. For very sparse ice-crystal haze during daytime, sunlight reflecting from crystal faces produces sparkling in the air, which crystallization is commonly known as "diamond dust".

icefall / ice fall :
a jumbled mass of ice in a glacier. Also, a mass of ice overhanging a precipice. Also, ice falling from a glacier, iceberg, or the like. Also, a steep glacial feature that produces a series of dangerous crevasses and ice pinnacles, which tend to forestall access to the uppermost slopes of a mountain.

ice feathers :
a delicate structure of crystals of ice that builds on the windward side of objects; also called "frost feathers".

ice flea :
a species of dark blue springtail, resembling pepper or ashes sprinkled on the icy surface. [cf: snow flea; v: sand fly, sand flea]

ice fog :
a type of fog partly composed of suspended ice crystals and droxtals, that occurs at very low temperatures, and usually in clear, calm weather in high latitudes; because the sun is usually visible, it may cause halo phenomena. Ice fog is almost always present at air temperatures of -13°F/-45°C in the vicinity of a source of water vapor, such as herds of animals, volcanoes, the open water of fast-flowing streams or of the sea, and especially products of combustion for heating or propulsion. Ice fog is also known as "ice-crystal fog", "frozen fog", "frost fog", "frost flakes", "air hoar", "rime fog", and "pogonip".

ice foot :
a belt of ice frozen to the shore, formed chiefly as a result of the rise and fall of the tides.

ice hammer :
a compact and lightweight ice ax / ice axe that has a hammer and a pick on the head of its short shafted handle, without a spike on the other end.

ice piton :
a long, wide, serrated piton used as a protective device on ice.

ice screw :
a threaded spiral (corkscrew) piton, sized about 18-32cm in length, designed for boring into ice as a belay, or as a base for crevasse rescue.

ice storm :
a storm of freezing rain that generates a widespread formation of glaze.

ice worm :
like the earthworm, this segmented worm burrows into ice and generates a cast that's commonly identified as "corn snow"; since its discovery, it has been commercially exploited by ski resorts and other winter recreation areas ... in order to preserve the gelid environment and to counteract this unconscionable exploitation of the innocent ice worm, some ecologists have formed an incongruous organization, Friends of the Ice Worm (FIW), to publicize its desperate plight. The CIA reports that some terrorist groups are now training radical glaciologists in the subversive methods of setting avalanches so as to liberate these enslaved ice worms by their revolutionary sabotage.

icicle :
a pendent mass of ice that's formed, and extended in a tapering configuration, by the freezing (and re-freezing) of dripping melt water. [v: stalactite]

icing :
a coating of ice on the surface of an object; also called "frosting".

identification thread :
see rogue's yarn.

IFP :
Integrated Fixation Plate introduced by Fischer and Rossignol [Turnamic (2016)], being a binding plate on cross-country (Nordic) skis that allows toolless adjustment of ski boot binding positions; this binding uses step-in locking for the boot, and the securing lock closes or opens by turning a lever to the side. The IFP Turnamic bindings can be used with all NNN / Prolink boots, but the IFP plate will not accept NIS bindings because of the new lock mechanism. Rottefella subsequently introduced continuously adjustable MOVE Switch bindings which can be installed in the IFP and NIS plates.

igloo :
a dome-shaped dwelling with a windproof entrance that's usually built of blocks of hard snow, being a design pioneered by Eskimos. [ety: Inuit loanword derived from 'house' (iglu)] [cf: geodetic / geodesic dome]

igneous rock :
rocks produced under conditions involving intense heat, such as crystallization from molten magma.

immense :
that which is exceedingly great, massive, or vast; literally "not measurable".

incline :
a slanting deviation from the vertical or horizontal; as derived from "bend" or "lean". Also, a rising angle or an upward slope; an acclivity.

incut :
an indentation or depression recessed into the rock surface, which may serve as a hold enroute.

indoor climbing :
a man-made arrangement of climbing problems or difficulties, as used in training students or challenging competitors, that enables the rapid acquisition of confidence and experience with a minimum of risk and inconvenience. While the first climbing wall was built at Fort Lewis in 1943 to accelerate the training of the 10th Mountain Division during World War Two, indoor and outdoor Artificial Climbing Walls (ACW) began to be commercially developed for specialized training and exercise in 1987. Because the difficulty of climbing walls can be standardized, they have been used in Olympic competition since 1991.

infall :
a structural collapse or morphological cave-in, such as a downfall of a ceiling or of overhanging rocks.

inlet / inletted / inletting :
an indentation or depression, as altered by erosion or other natural forces. Also, an opening or entry.

interfluve :
the land area separated by adjacent stream valleys; originating as a back-formation from interfluvial (lying between rivers).

interknot :
to tie or knot together.

intermontane :
located between mountains or mountain ranges; sometimes represented as "intermountain-mounétn".

International Orange :
a shade of bright orange, highly visible at a great distance and in murky weather, that's been used since 1955 to color rescue or emergency gear, safety devices and appliances, survey equipment and vehicles, including boats and aircraft, hangars and control towers; also known as "safety orange" or "blaze orange".

interstice :
a small or narrow space, especially a uniform interval between things; as derived from "to stand or put between". Also, an interval of time.

iron monger :
disparaging referent for someone with a perverse affinity for pounding hardware (ie: bolts, pitons, copperheads, etc) into the rock surface.

island :
an isolated hill. Also, any tract of land or landscape that's different from its surroundings, exhibiting detached or isolated characteristics.

ISO :
abbreviation for the International Standardization Organization.

isoclinal :
pertaining to or composed of rock strata of a structure or fold that slants in the same or equal direction; dipping in the same direction. Also, an isoclinic line.

isocline :
rock strata that slants in the same or equal direction; originating as a back-formation from isoclinal. Also, an isoclinic line.

isoclinic line :
an imaginary straight line connecting points on the earth's surface having equal magnetic dip; also called "isoclinic" or "isoclinal".

Jack Frost :
the personification of frost or freezing cold.

Jacob's ladder :
a flexible ladder consisting of rope, cable, or chain side-rails and fixed wooden or aluminum rungs, as used on vessels and aircraft, especially during SAR/CSAR operations; also called a "caving ladder" or "scaling ladder", as derived from the Biblical dream of a ladder ascending from earth to heaven. Also, a webbing or rope ladder (etrier) deployed for rough-terrain insertions and extractions of troops using transport "choppers"; employed instead of cargo nets or rappel lines.

jam / jamming :
to tightly press, squeeze, or wedge one's body (or parts thereof) between rock surfaces so as to secure a hold, attain leverage, or enable motion, upwards or downwards. Also, to painfully press, push, or thrust violently, as into a confined space or against some object. Also, to bruise or crush by masochistic compression or squeezing, such that extrication is often made difficult. Also, to put or place in position with a violent gesture, or to make something unworkable by causing its parts or components to become stuck or blocked, caught or displaced. Also, the soft pulpy residue that's deposited on the valley floor when a free climber misses his hold, or when faulty gear conspires to defeat an otherwise cautious climber, or when nature itself, abetted by poor technique, succumbs to gravity, rendering another intrepid mountaineer into a smear of unappetizing glop!

jam crack :
a rock opening that's wide enough to accommodate a hand, fist, arm, foot, or elbow, or any combination thereof.

jerky :
a homemade or privately purchased food supplement to government issued or commercially sold rations that consists of meat (eg: beef, deer, turkey, goat, sheep, etc) that's been cut in strips (ie: French cut) and preserved by dehydration (originally, sun-dried); this Americanism is an alteration of 'charqui' [quechua ch'arki (Spanish)] for jerked meat, which is also called "biltong" or "leather" (eg: "fruit leather"). [cf: pemmican / pemican]

jewelry rock :
any ore bearing precious metals (eg: gold, silver, platinum, palladium, etc).

jib :
an especially small foothold, usually only large enough for the climber's big toe, sometimes relying heavily on friction to support the climber's weight.

jock itch :
slang for a fungal infection (ie: tinea cruris) of the skin in the groin area, occurring most commonly among males, especially in warm humid climates, characterized by itchy and often scaly lesions.

jockstrap :
slang for an 'athletic supporter', being an elasticized belt that crosses the lower abdomen with a cloth or mesh pouch for supporting the male's genitals, which is worn as a protective undergarment whenever men participate in sports or other strenuous activities.

jug :
any large secure handhold; also called 'bucket' or 'bomber'. Also, slang for a mechanical ascender, especially a Jumar.

jug / jugging :
slang for ascending a rope by means of mechanical devices; also called 'Jumar/-ing' (regardless of the brand name of the ascender employed, since the term is used generically).

jug handle :
any large secure handhold, which is so-called by allusion to the oversized grip on a water jug; also called 'bucket' or 'bomber'.

Jumar® / Jumaring :
a mechanical ascender, or to ascend a rope by use of such devices; it's a product brand name that's often used generically.

junglegym :
a playground apparatus consisting of a sturdy framework of horizontal and vertical bars upon which children can climb; formerly (1923) a trademark, it's also called "monkey bars".

Jurassic :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Mesozoic Era, from 190 million to 140 million years ago, characterized by the presence of dinosaurs and the advent of birds and mammals.

kaba / kabahor :
a small cubical building in the courtyard of the central mosque in Mecca that contains a sacred black stone, which is the chief object of Muslim pilgrimages.

karabiner :
see carabiner, biner, or snap-link.

karst :
an area of limestone terrane characterized by sinks, ravines, and underground streams; generic use for a limestone plateau from the name of the region north of Trieste.

keckling :
the winding of a small diameter rope around a cable or hawser so as to prevent damage by chafing. Also, the small diameter rope so used to bind.

Keprotec® :
proprietary name of a high tech fabric developed by Schoeller that is extremely abrasion and tear resistant; composed of Cordura, Dynafil TS-70, Kevlar, and polyurethane, which is then impregnated with a finish that's impermeable to water, oil, and dirt.

kernmantle :
a multi-strand synthetic-fiber rope constructed with a woven or plaited sheath (30% of strength) surrounding an inner core (70% of strength) of either parallel (static) or twisted (dynamic) core strands. Static rope, being less elastic, transfers impact shock to the climber more than dynamic rope; an equivalent static rope has a lower strength rating and a shorter life-span, so are less expensive. [ety: kernmantle: 'kern' (core) + 'mantle' (cover)]

kettle / kettle hole :
a deep, cauldron-shaped depression in glacial drift; also called 'pothole'. [cf: gnamma hole / namma hole]

Kevlar® :
proprietary name of an aramid fiber (extruded long-chain synthetic polyamide) used as a vital component in making durable, lightweight fabrics for use in high-performance outdoor activities.

Khumbu cough :
a common condition for most people who spend time at extreme altitude (over 18,000ft/5500m) due to the increased exertion and heavy breathing encountered in that low humidity and below-zero environment; it manifests as a dry persistent cough that can restrict breathing, which lung irritation may result in a cough so violent that it will tear chest muscles or break ribs. Named after the Everest region, where it was first documented, although not limited to that area, it's also known as the "high altitude hack" (HAH). This cough may be prevented by wearing a breathing mask or balaclava, by regulating exertion and/or breathing, in an attempt to keep the bronchial mucosa moist; but since the cough is not the result of infection, antibiotics will have no effect.

kick turn / kick-turn :
a turn from a stationary position that's perpendicular to the fall line in which a skier lifts one ski to a point where the heel is nearly at right angles to the snow, then faces the ski outward, sets it down in the direction to be turned, and swings the other ski around so that both skis are again parallel.

kindling :
material that can be readily ignited, especially small pieces of foliage or scraps of wood, that're used in starting a fire. Also, fuel or any combustible matter that can be lighted into a blaze by fire. [v: fuzz stick]

kinesthesia / kinesthesis :
the sensation in one's own body of the movement of muscles, tendons, and joints; the "muscle memory" of learned patterns or practiced acts is a survival mechanism during periods of stress or environmental exposure when the mind is too enervated (as by cold, hunger, exhaustion, etc) to think clearly.

kink :
twist, knot, difficulty.

klemheist knot / machard knot :
a webbing strap alternative to the Prusik knot / Prusik hitch, which is tied with cord of a smaller diameter than the primary rope, serving as a friction hitch when ascending or descending a hanging rope; friction can be increased by adding additional resistance wraps to the knot's construction, but this snubbing hitch can be easily relocated by relieving the tension on the knot and shifting the strain to the hanging rope; derived from 'clamp' [klem (Dutch)], and sometimes misspelled "kleimheist".

klettershue / kletterschuhe :
special rock climbing shoes with rubber sides and soles that are designed to improve perchase, grip, or hold.

klettersteig :
["climbing step" (German)] see via ferrata.

klippe :
an erosional outlier of a bisected nappe.

kloof :
a deep glen or ravine; from Afrikaans for 'cleave;.

knap :
the crest or summit of a small hill or protuberance; as derived from 'knob'. Also, to strike sharply, as to chip or break-off rock flakes when shaping stone implements; to "knobble", "scabble", or "skiffle".

knapsack :
a bag, made of various materials (from fabrics to leather), that's worn on the back for carrying supplies and other necessary items; also called a backpack or rucksack.

knee socks :
knee-length compression stockings, often with a cushioned insole for padding, that're worn with knickers and gaiters for maximum maneuverability while climbing; socks are usually worn in doubles (silk and wool paired) to accommodate the need for padding and to wick perspiration (or other moisture) away by repulsive capillary action, so as to prevent the climber's feet from freezing.

knickers :
loose-fitting short trousers that're gathered-in at the knees; derived by shortening of 'knickerbocker', a descendant of the Dutch settlers of New York.

knicks :
slang for either 'knickerbocker' or 'bike shorts' (qqv).

knifeblade / knifeblade piton :
a long thin piece of tapered steel with an eye for attaching a carabiner, rope, sling, or the like, which are used to fit into cracks that are too narrow for even the smallest of cams or nuts.

knob :
a rounded hill, elevation, or protuberance on a ridge or mountain; a projection or boss. Also, to knock off excess stone preparatory to dressing; also called "knobble", "scabble", or "skiffle".

knoll :
a small rounded hill or mound; as derived from 'summit'.

knot :
a constrictive interlacement for fastening; an interlacing or entwining of a line or rope that's drawn tight into a knob or lump and is used for binding or connecting one cord to another or a cord to something else. All knots are temporary; and become vulnerable or weak-points if not retied. Also, a group of persons or a cluster of things, especially a blockage. Also, an involved or difficult matter, an intricate or complicated arrangement, such as a knotty problem.

know the ropes :
experienced, knowledgeable, masterly; to be familiar with or able to execute a task. A nautical phrase from the days of sail, when an understanding of the complexities of ropes, knots, and rigging was essential for a seaman. This expression first appeared as a reference to the ship's captain in "Two Years Before the Mast" by Richard Henry Dana (1840).

knurl :
a small ridge or bead, especially one of a series, as used for decoration or for obtaining a firm grip; also spelled nurl.

knurled :
having small ridges on the edge or surface of something; milled. Also, having knurls or knots; gnarled.

Kraton® :
the brand name (GLS trademark) of a synthetic rubber (thermoplastic polymer) that can be molded to form a handle that provides a non-slip grip while retaining flexibility. [v: gutta-percha, India rubber, para rubber]

K2 :
see Mount Dapsang.

laccolith :
a mass of igneous rock, formed from magma that did not find its way to the surface, but spread laterally into a lenticular body, and this intrusion between two sedimentary beds forced overlaying strata to bulge upward.

lade :
to load with a burden; to put or place a burden on or in, especially when oppressive. Also, to fill or cover abundantly.

lallygag / lollygag :
to spend time idly; to loaf or goof-off.

lambert :
the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) unit of luminance or brightness, equivalent to 0.32 candles per square centimeter and equal to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing surface emitting or reflecting one lumen per square centimeter; abbreviated: L.

Lambert's law :
the law that the luminous intensity of a perfectly diffusing surface in any direction is proportional to the cosine of the angle between that direction and the normal to the surface, for which reason the surface will appear equally bright from all directions; also called "cosine law", named after the German mathematician Johann Heinrich Lambert. [v: Beer-Lambert law of optics; Willebrord van Roijen Snell law of refractive index]

lamp :
any of various devices furnishing artificial light, as powered by electricity or fuel. Also, a container for burning an inflammable liquid (eg: oil, gas, alcohol, etc) at a wick for illumination. Also, any of various devices furnishing heat, ultraviolet, or other radiation (eg: infrared lamp).

landfall :
the sighting of land; the approach to a sighted destination; to sight, approach, and reach an objective. Also, a landslide or avalanche.

landform :
a specific geomorphic feature on the surface of the earth, ranging from large-scale features, such as plains and mountains, to minor features, such as hills and valleys.

landloper :
a wanderer or adventurer; literally 'land-runner'.

landslide / landslip :
the mass of fallen detritus, including soil and rock, from a steep slope; or the slide itself.

lantern :
a transparent or translucent case serving to enclose an artificial light and to protect it from wind and weather, which portable lamp may be powered by oil, gas, alcohol, or electric cells (battery).

lariat :
a plaited grass rope, usually with a hondo spliced at one end, originally made from maguey fibers (agave); derived from "to tie again, tied to fit" (Spanish: "la reata").

lashing :
a binding or fastening with a rope or line. Also, the rope or line so used.

lasso :
a long rope or line with a running noose at one end.

lateral moraine :
detritus deposited along the sides of an encroaching glacier; a mass of unstratified drift marking the sideways advance of a glacier or ice sheet.

lax :
loose or slack; not tense or taut, not rigid or firm. Also, not strict or severe; careless or negligent. Also, not exact or precise, vague or inaccurate.

lay / laid :
the quality of a fiber rope, characterized by the kind and number of fibers in the strands, the angles formed by the strands, and the direction and degree of twist (eg: 16-ply Z-laid manila).

layback / lieback :
to maneuver in a crack, chimney, or other opening by fully extending the body, with the feet or legs opposite the hands or arms, so as to ascend or descend by friction exerted by bodily pressure as a span; also called 'bridge' or 'stem', being an extremely strenuous method of climbing a crack wherein the hands grip the sharp rock edge while the feet exert pressure against the rock wall, lifting the body incrementally.

lead :
to begin or advance; to go first, or in advance of others who follow. Also, an opening or direction that affords passage to a place. Also, the direction of a rope or line.

lead / leads :
a series of incremental advances that are shorter than the length of a single climbing rope.

leader :
the guiding or directing head of a group or team; if first on the ascent, responsible for installing protection or anchor points while being belayed from below. Also, any of various devices for guiding a running rope; also called 'lead'.

lead fall / leading fall :
any fall from above the climbers last piece of protection; the falling leader will fall at least twice the distance back to the last point of installed protection, plus slack and rope stretch.

lean-to :
a small dwelling of simple construction that's made from natural materials, supported at one side by trees or posts, and having an inclined roof. Also, a structure with a roof of a single pitch, with the higher end abutting a taller wall or larger building.

ledge :
a relatively narrow flat shelf of rock protruding horizontally from a cliff or slope. Also, a reef, ridge, or line of rocks in a body of water.

leotard :
a tight-fitting covering for the torso, from crotch to shoulders, with either a scoop or crew neckline; this one-piece garment, made of a blend of variously colored fabrics (including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, cotton, and the like), styled with full-length sleeves, half-length sleeves, short-sleeves, and sleeveless models for various applications. Designed by Jules Léotard, an acrobat, as a close-fitting shirt (maillot) in the early 19th century, then circus and stage performers adopted the fashion around 1886; this unisex garment has since been worn in various renditions and competitions, including gymnastics, wrestling, modern dance, ballet, rowing, figure skating, bicycling, high jumping, pole vaulting, running, and so forth.

letter :
a difficulty distinction (a-d) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5.10 rating, or above (ie: 5.10-5.14), in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) scale.

Lexan® :
a trademarked brand of hard, tough, transparent polycarbonate resin that's used to make shatterproof windows, protective goggles, and other practically unbreakable objects. [nb: a preliminary treatment of polycarbonate (eg: Lexan) windows with acetone / dimethylketone will sufficiently compromise its inherent structure so that it will shatter under impact]

lichen :
a complex organism that's composed of a fungus in symbiotic union with an alga, which has a greenish, gray, yellow, brown, or blackish thallus [undifferentiated plant form] that grows in leaf-like, crust-like, or branching forms on rocks, trees, and their surroundings. Also, any of various eruptive [papules] skin diseases resembling the growth of this plant, including blistered chill blains.

lifeline :
a route over which supplies must be sent to sustain an area or group of persons otherwise isolated.

line :
any thread, string, cord, guy, rope, cable, hawser, or the like for various uses (eg: rappel, belay, bridge, tow); derivation from 'linen rope'.

liquescent :
becoming liquid; tending toward a liquid state; melting.

liquid sunshine :
rain that falls while the sun continues to shine; also called "sun shower".

lithic :
pertaining to or consisting of stone, or a stone artifact. Also, pertaining to clastic rocks, either sedimentary or volcanic, containing a large proportion of debris from previously formed rocks.

lithology :
the physical characteristics of a rock or stratigraphic unit; petrology.

lithophyte :
any plant growing on the surface of rocks.

lithosphere :
the crust and upper mantle of the earth.

little rico :
slang for the lower level of a portaledge (qv); also called "scum pit" / "scumpit".

L*O*A*F*E*R :
the Loyal Order of Aching Feet and Exhausted Rope is an unofficial association of military servicemembers, past and present, which proclaims that qualified individuals, inducted in an arcane ritual (including recitation of its recognizable wilderness sounds: grin, growl, gasp, groan, gripe, grit) involving climbing hardware, boots, and knots, shall be hung by a carabiner until tired or retired, asserting that a member in good standing is barely poised, mostly leaning, often lying, but ever erect!

locking carabiner :
a protective sleeve, mechanical or automatic, that prevents the access gate from opening once engaged, which safety serves to reinforce the carabiner's gate (the weakest part of the device), improve its security, and to ensure that the climbing rope is not inadvertently released from the device.

lode :
a rich supply or abundant source. Also, a vein-like metalliferous deposit, being any body of ore that's set-off from adjacent rock formations. [v: mother lode]

log / logbook :
a record concerning the details of a trip, or the progress of an activity, especially a sequential register of the details of an accomplishment. [nb: a personal diary or private journal differs from the "guest book", where all visitors are encouraged to contribute comments and observations]

lollygag / lallygag :
to spend time idly; to loaf or goof-off.

Look Nevada® :
creator (1950) of the inverted-V toe-release binding, centered by spring that let-go to the side under an excess of torque during a fall on downhill (Alpine) skis; this fixed-toe binding was usually combined with a normal Kandahar-style heel cable, and before the end of the decade, was imitated by more than 35 manufacturers, including Marker.

loom :
something seen indistinctly at a distance or through a mist or fog, as light below the horizon that's reflected in the sky; a rising or portentous appearance.

loop :
a slack portion of cord, line, or rope that's doubled upon itself by crossing so as to leave an opening, as used in constructing some knots or executing belays.

loop knot :
a knot made by doubling over a line at its end and tying both thicknesses into a square knot in such a way as to leave a loop; also called "open hand knot".

Lorica® :
proprietary name of a highly durable synthetic leather that's constructed of micro-fibers, making it water-repellant and breathable.

low-angle :
a face climb that's less than vertical, as contrasted by an overhang.

low-lying :
situated below the usual elevation or altitude, as when lying near sea level or the ground surface.

lost arrow :
slang for a long, thin, tapered steel piton used to fit into narrow cracks.

lubber's knot :
an improperly tied reef or square knot, one that's likely to slip loose; also known as "granny knot" or "granny's knot", so called in contempt.

luxate / luxation :
to dislocate, displace, or to put out of joint, such as a shoulder.

Lycra® :
a brand of Spandex®, a fabric with elastic properties that's made with polyurethane fibers for tight-fitting sports clothing; a colorfully synthetic material from which climbing and biking tights were made for wear by men and women.

macardy :
a long rope of twisted horsehair that's been pulled from the mane or tail; also known as "McCarty", and is a corruption of the Spanish word ("mecate") for "maguey-fiber rope".

magic knot :
an elaborate knot, large and intricate, seemingly reliable and impervious, which, at the worst possible moment, spontaneously fails and unaccountably comes untied ... like magic!

magnus hitch :
a variant of the taut-line hitch (qv) that's finished with a half hitch tied in the opposite direction, making the knot less likely to twist under a load.

mammoth :
that which is very large or enormous, as likened to the extinct true elephant of the Pleistocene epoch. [cf: mastodon]

mantle :
the woven or plaited sheath serving as an external cover for a multi-strand climbing rope [ety: kernmantle: 'kern' (core) + 'mantle' (cover)]. Also, something that covers, overspreads, envelops, or conceals, such as "the mantle of darkness". Also, a long, loose, cape-like garment; a sleeveless cloak. Also, an incombustible hood that becomes incandescent with the addition of fuel and gives off a brilliant light when encapsulating a flame. [v: Welsbach mantle]

mantle rock / mantlerock :
the layer of disintegrated and decomposed rock fragments, including soil, just above the solid rock of the earth's crust. [v: regolith ("blanket rock")]

mantle shelf :
a narrow horizontal ledge that's often (closely) backed by a steep wall. [cf: mantelshelf]

mantling :
a maneuver whereby the climber hoists himself onto a narrow ledge (mantle shelf), which is often (closely) backed by a steep wall, or onto a featureless summit lacking any holds for ascent leverage; a move whereby a climber surmounts a rock feature by pushing down on it, in the absence of any useful holds directly above, instead of by pulling up on it.

mare's-tail :
a long narrow cirrus cloud formation having a flowing appearance.

Marker® :
a high quality inverted-V toe-release binding manufactured in Germany that's coupled with either a pivoting heel tie-down or cable-tension attachment to downhill (Alpine) skis.

marl :
to wind a rope or cable with marline, every turn being secured by a hitch; as derived from "ensnare" (marlyn). Also, a friable earth containing calcium carbonate and clay.

marline :
light cordage of two-fiber strands, laid in a left-handed twist; also spelled marlin.

marlinespike :
a smooth, tapered, steel tool used to open the strands of a wire cable for splicing; also spelled marlinspike.

massif :
a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits; derived from "massive". Also, a band or zone of the earth's crust, raised or depressed as a unit, and bounded by faults.

massive :
that which consists of or forms a large mass, being of imposing bulk, weight, or scale.

mat / matting :
a piece of plaited or woven fabric used as a cover or pad.

match :
the use of one hold for two of the climber's limbs or appendages, or an exchange of limbs or appendages on a particular hold; a hold shared by two limbs or appendages, or a hold where limbs or appendages are swapped or changed over ... a hold grasped by both hands, or shared by the feet placed side-by-side.

matte :
having a dull or muted finish; having a subdued or non-reflective surface, as flat paint or lusterless metal.

mauvais pas :
a place that represents a particularly difficult mountaineering passage, as literally derived from "bad step".

maw :
a formation that suggests an open mouth descending into a throat.

McGuire rig :
devised by SGM Charles T. McGuire, an SF sergeant serving with Project Delta (Det B-52, 5th SFGA); this is an extraction method for when helicopters cannot land, which utilizes the same equipment for a rappel insertion. Originally the rig "string" was conceived as a stirrup-line or sling-eye; it was later refined by MSG Norman Donny as a quick connect for the integral Swiss seats to be converted into body loops over existing field gear. Lifted and moved like sling-loaded cargo, the team had to secure the ropes during landing to prevent fowling of the helicopter rotors. Adaptations to the basic technique occurred, such as safety wrist straps and linking arms to prevent spinning. The major defect of the McGuire rig was for wounded or unconscious team members, who were liable to fall out of their hookup. The STABO full-body harness, invented at the MACV Recondo School, remedied this problem.

medial moraine :
a ridge of glacial drift formed by the junction of two converging valley glaciers; the combined merge of lateral moraines conjoining to deposit detritus down the center of glaciation.

megalith :
a stone of great size, especially those used in ancient constructions as monuments.

Mercalli scale :
the Mercalli intensity scale is an empirical scale that's subdivided into twelve categories (I-XII) that are used for rating the effects of an earthquake (as opposed to its strength or magnitude). The Mercalli estimates range from I (almost unfelt) to XII (total destruction). Giuseppe Mercalli devised this scale in 1902, and it was modified by Charles F. Richter in 1956. The effects of an earthquake depend on its depth, the geology of the area around the epicenter, and many other factors.

mesa :
a land formation, less extensive than a plateau, having steep sides and a relatively flat top; most common in arid and semiarid regions.

messenger :
a smaller line used to haul a heavier line or cable across an intervening space; also known as "messenger line", "heaving line", or "throw line".

Mesozoic :
noting or pertaining to a geologic era occurring between 230 million and 65 million years ago, characterized by the appearance of flowering plants and by dinosaurs; situated between the Paleozoic and Cenozoic eras, subsuming the Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic Periods.

metal sandwich ski :
construction wherein a non-metallic core is laminated with a protective metal cover for improved resilience.

Metonic cycle :
a cycle of 235 synodic (conjunctive) months, very nearly equal to nineteen years, after which the new moon occurs on the same day of the year as at the beginning of the cycle with perhaps a shift of one day, depending on the number of leap years in the cycle; eponymously after Meton, the 5th century BC Athenian astronomer.

Mickey Mouse boot :
waterproof and insulated rubber boots, with traction sole and ventilation ports, worn over regular issue combat boots for protection in severe winter conditions; these are the military version of insulated overshoes or galoshes, so-called do to their exaggerated appearance. Mickey Mouse boots, which were colored white for Arctic camouflage, and were designed to readily fit onto cross-country (Nordic) skis, actually worked too well; causing the feet of an active soldier to overheat, and risk frostbite when the perspiration froze. This boot was developed after the experiences of WWII and Korea, when the military issued 'shoepacs' as winter boots.

midnight sun :
see white night.

Mie scatter / Mie scattering :
the scattering of light by particles that are large relative to the wavelength of the light; eponymously after the German physicist, Gustav Mie.

military binding :
(forthcoming); primitive ...

military crest :
the distance below the top of a hill or ridge, which varies depending upon the terrain, where people can move without being silhouetted, and from which the other side can be observed; sometimes called "shoulder", as distinct from the brink, brim, or brow.

milk run :
misnomer for an "early start", which is properly identified as an 'alpine start' (qv); by contrast, this term refers to a routine procedure or an ordinary event that's synonymous with dull, humdrum, or monotonous ... the final end-of-the-day sweep is generally an uneventful "milk run". [cf: early bird]

Miller index :
a numeric representation of crystalline structures; being one of three integers giving the orientation and position of the face of a crystal in terms of the reciprocals, in lowest terms, of the intercepts of the face with each axis of the crystal; a schema named after W.H. Miller, a British mineralogist.

millerite :
a mineral, nickel sulfide (NiS), occurring in slender, bronze-colored crystals; a minor ore of nickel.

mineral :
any substance of the class of usually inorganic elements occurring in nature, typically of definite chemical composition and crystal structure, but sometimes including rocks formed by these substances, as well as certain natural products of organic origin. Also, any substance that is neither animal nor vegetable.

minus / - :
a difficulty distinction (+/-) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5.9 rating, or below (ie: 5.0-5.9), in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) scale. Also, a difficulty distinction (+/-) that can be added as a suffix to any aid climb classification rating (ie: A#+/A#-).

Miocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era, occurring from 25 million to 10 million years ago, when grazing mammals became widespread.

mistral :
a dry, cold, northerly wind; also called "cierzo" and "tramontana".

mix :
short for "mixed terrain" or "mixed technique" since a varied environment of clear, snow, ice, and rock requires a variety of equipment and methods to negotiate during a single excursion.

mixed climbing :
the ascent and descent of a route by various methods and techniques, from free climbing to aid climbing. Also, the ascent and descent of a route wherein various rock and weather conditions are encountered, from scree and wall to clear and fog.

moat :
a crevasse that forms where the glacier shrinks away from a rock formation.

mogul :
a snowy bump on a hillside that's been created by snowfall covering underlying irregular terrain, or by traffic leaving isolated high spots where the regular pathways (foot, snowshoe, ski) compress the surrounding snow; as derived from 'hillock'. [v: moguled: descriptive of a slope with many moguls; cf: mugel, mugl, mugerl, mugal] [ety: Austrian loanword]

moleskin :
a strong, heavyweight cotton fabric with a suede-like finish that's used for sportswear and work clothing, especially trousers ("moleskins"). Also, an adhesive-backed felt that's applied remedially to parts of the feet that have been subject to abrasion from footwear.

monadnock :
a residual hill or mountain standing well above the surface of a surrounding peneplain; being algonquian for "isolated mountain".

monkey bars :
see junglegym.

monkey butt :
slang for the sore irritated condition in the private or nether region of one's anatomy when compelled to persistently perform activities with inadequate hygiene; an equal opportunity malady that plagues men and women, walkers and riders, sitters and standers, regardless of race or creed, color or national origin, especially when creature comforts are complicated by climate and rationing. This inflammatory condition (chafing) produces an itchy redness that causes the victim to walk straddle or bowlegged, reminiscent of a chimpanzee or baboon; this uncomfortable malaise is also called "swamp ass", "dookie booty", "bleacher butt", "roseate fundament", "red ass", "crotch rot", and so forth.

monkey fist :
a casting knot (often a figure-8 on a bight) added to the trailing-end of a line to lend weight and direction for throwing.

monoclinal :
pertaining to or composed of rock strata of a structure or fold that slants, dipping in only one direction.

monocline :
rock strata that slants in only one direction; originating as a back-formation from monoclinal.

monofilament :
a single thread-like filament, generally large, of extruded synthetic fiber.

monolith :
a single block or piece of stone of considerable size. Also, a single block of stone that forms an obelisk, large statue, column, or the like. Also, something having a uniform or redoubtable character, a massive or inflexible quality.

monticule :
a subordinate volcanic cone. Also, a small mountain, hill, or mound.

moonbow :
a rainbow created by the light reflected and refracted from the moon; also called "lunar rainbow".

moondog :
a bright moon-like spot on a lunar halo; a mock moon; also called "paraselene".

moonlight :
sunlight reflected from the surface of the moon, the earth's natural orbital satellite, during its several phases, except new and eclipse, including the incidence of moonrise and moonset.

moon pillar :
a halo phenomenon in which a vertical streak of light appears above and below the moon; believed to be caused by the reflection of moonlight by ice crystals with vertical axes.

moon shadow :
a dark silhouette formed by the light reflected from the disk of earth's satellite, especially during the full moon phase.

moor :
a tract of open, peaty wasteland, common in high altitudes where drainage is poor, often overgrown with heath and other shrubs, which has usually been preserved for game.

moraine :
a ridge, mound, or irregular mass of unstratified glacial drift, chiefly boulders, stones, gravel, sand, clay and other debris carried and deposited during glaciation, typically exhibited as sedimentary ridges accumulated at the edges or extremity of the encroaching glacier; derived from a "rise in the ground" along the pathway of the ice sheet.

moulin :
a nearly vertical shaft or cavity that's been worn in a glacier by surface water falling through a crack in the ice.

mound :
a natural (eg: hillock or knoll) or artificial (eg: embankment or bulwark) elevation of earth, as a heap or raised mass; derived from "protection".

mount :
to go up or to get up on, as surmount, scale, climb, or ascend. Also, to organize and launch a campaign, assault, or other endeavor. Also, a mountain, often used as part of a place name.

mountain :
a natural elevation of land that rises, often abruptly, to a summit, and attaining an altitude higher than a hill.

mountain demon :
see yeti.

mountaineering :
the sport of climbing mountains.

mountain rescue :
a mixed team of experienced climbers, trekkers, and skiers who have acquired survival skills, learned evacuation techniques, and undertaken emergency medical training so as to locate and rescue outdoorsmen who are missing or injured in the wilderness, especially under adverse conditions. [nb: in mountaineering, injuries and fatalities arise primarily from errors of technique and judgement by the climber, by rapid climate changes, and by other localized risks, such as rock falls or avalanches; the climber's experience, agility, fitness, and endurance are important considerations in that the more frequent the participation in the sport, then the greater exposure to risk; however, as more experience is gained, there is a greater ability to assess the prevailing conditions and potential risks; when calculating jeopardy, it is important to distinguish between trekking (or hill walking), indoor climbing (on an Artificial Climbing Wall), and mountaineering (or rock climbing), since there is little risk in the former two]

mountain shrapnel :
slang for pieces of rock and/or ice that have fallen from the side of a mountain due to wind or temperature changes, especially when these pieces shatter into splinters while bouncing down the fall line.

mountain sickness :
a condition caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood that affects some persons at higher altitudes, which is characterized by headache, dizziness, malaise, shortness of breath, nausea, loss of appetite, and disturbed sleep; also known as "altitude sickness" or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS).

mountaintop :
the top of a hill or mountain; the apex, vertex, pinnacle, summit, peak.

mountain walking :
various methods of crossing rocky terrain on foot.

Mount Antisana :
an active volcano in north central Ecuador near Quito, having a height of 18,885 feet.

Mount Blackburn :
a mountain in the Wrangell Mountains of southeast Alaska, having a height of 16,140 feet.

Mount Dapsang :
in northern Kashmir on the China-Pakistan border, it's the second highest peak in the world at a height of 28,250 feet; named after Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, the British Army officer, geologist and topographer, who first mapped "K2", which was the second peak in the Karakoram range.

Mount Elbert :
a mountain in the Sawatch range of central Colorado and the highest peak (14,431 ft) of the Rocky Mountains.

Mount Everest :
in the central Himalayas on the border of the Tibet region of China and Nepal, being the highest peak in the world at a height of 29,028 / 29,108 feet; named after surveyor George Everest, and also known as Chomo-Lungma and Sagarmatha.

Mount Foraker :
a mountain in the Alaska range of central Alaska near Mount McKinley, having a height of 17,280 feet.

Mount Fuji / Mount Fujiyama :
a dormant volcano on Honshu island in central Japan, and the highest mountain in Japan, having a height of 12,395 feet; affectionately known as "Fujisan".

Mount of the Holy Cross :
a peak in the Sawatch range of central Colorado , having a height of 14,005 feet; so-called for its cross-shaped crevasses, which are distinctive when snow-filled.

Mount Huila :
a volcano in central Colombia, having a height of 18,700 feet.

Mount Kazbek :
an extinct volcano in the central Caucasus Mountains between the Georgian Republic and the Russian Federation, having a height of 16,541 feet.

Mount Kenya :
an extinct volcano in central Kenya, having a height of 17,040 feet.

Mount Kilimanjaro :
a volcanic mountain in northeast Tanzania, the highest peak in Africa, and often described as the tallest above-ground and above-water (or "free-standing") mountain in the world, having a base-to-summit height of 19,321 feet.

Mount Logan :
a mountain in the Saint Elias Mountains of northwest Canada, and the second highest peak in North America, having a height of 19,850 feet.

Mount Mansfield :
a mountain in northern Vermont and the highest peak (4393 ft) of the Green Mountains.

Mount Marcy :
a mountain in northeastern New York and the highest peak (5344 ft) of the Adirondack Mountains.

Mount McKinley :
in the Alaska range of central Alaska and the highest peak in North America, having a base-to-summit height of 20,320 feet; named after William McKinley, the twenty-fifth president of the United States, and also known as Denali.

Mount Mitchell :
a mountain in the Appalachian range of western North Carolina, and the highest peak (6684 ft) in the eastern United States.

Mount Rainier :
a volcanic peak in the Cascade range of western Washington, having a height of 14,408 feet.

Mount Saint Elias :
in the Saint Elias Mountains on the boundary between Alaska and Canada, having a height of 18,008 feet.

Mount Sanford :
a mountain in southeast Alaska, having a height of 16,208 feet.

Mount Shasta :
a volcanic peak in the Cascade range of northern California, having a height of 14,161 feet.

Mount Sorata :
a twin peaked mountain of the Andes in western Bolivia near Lake Titicaca, consisting of Ancohuma, at a height of 21,490 feet, and Illampu, at a height of 20,958 feet.

Mount Vancouver :
in the Saint Elias Mountains on the boundary between Alaska and Canada, having a height of 15,700 feet.

Mount Whitney :
situated in the Sierra Nevada of eastern California and the highest peak (14,495 ft) in the continental United States.

Mount Wrangell :
an active volcano in the Wrangell Mountains of southeast Alaska, having a height of 14,006 feet.

mousing :
a knot, wrapping, or puddening, made of yarns, and placed on the outside of a rope.

move :
a particular method or a specific technique applied to a given situation so as to progress on a climb.

moving together :
a method of climbing on undemanding alpine ground wherein two or more climbers advance at the same time with running belays between them, and without the use of fixed belays.

mud pot :
a hot spring filled with boiling mud.

mukluk / mucluc / muckluck :
a soft knee-high boot made of canvas or hide that's double-soled and lined with either felt or fur, as originally worn by Eskimos in deep snow; derived as a corruption of sealskin fur (Yupik: "maklak"), and suitable for wear with snowshoes or crampons.

multi-pitch :
a slope or climb requiring more than one belay, fixed or running, to complete, and typically longer than one rope length.

multi-pitch climbing :
assault routes that are too long for a single belay rope.

munge :
informal referent for dirt and vegetation found in rock cracks.

mungo / mongo / mongoe :
a fiber made from reclaimed wool, generally consisting of a shorter staple and of a lower quality than shabby shoddy. Also, a low-grade fabric made from this reclaimed fiber, usually in combination with other fibers; reused or reprocessed woolen fabric.

Munter hitch :
a simple hitch, also known as a friction hitch or an Italian hitch, that's often used when a mechanical belay device is unavailable; a belay knot through which the rope slides when pulled in one direction, but brakes when pulled in the other direction.

musette / musette bag :
a small bag or satchel with a shoulder strap, used for sundries; also known as haversack.

nailing a route / nailing the route :
descriptive of aid climbing with hardware protection installed.

nail up / nailed up :
a route completely set with supporting hardware (eg: bolts, pitons, nuts, copperheads, etc); also called "bolted in".

namaste :
a traditional Nepali greeting of Hindi and Sanskrit origin, having the literal meaning of "I salute the God which dwells within you."

nappe :
one of the two equal sections of a cone; as derived from napkin, table cloth.

ne plus ultra :
Latin phrase meaning the highest point of development or attainment; the acme or peak. Also, the most intense degree of a condition or state; the utmost quality.

nero :
a contraction of a nearly zero day, wherein very little effort is expended and only a small amount of progress has been made in accomplishing one's goal.

neve / névé :
granular snow that accumulates in fields on high mountains, and is subsequently compacted into glacial ice; permanent granular ice formed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles; also called 'firn'.

new moon :
the phase of the moon when in conjunction with the sun, making it generally invisible.

newton :
the base unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) which is equal to the force that produces an acceleration of one meter per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.

nightglow :
airglow observed at night.

night-sky light :
the faint glow of the night sky, which is caused by such phenomena as airglow and zodiacal light; also called "permanent aurora", "night-sky luminescence", "light-of-the-night-sky".

nimbus :
an aura or atmosphere surrounding someone or something; also called "halo". Also, the type of dense cloud that yields rain or snow.

nip :
an abrupt turn or twist in a rope. Also, to bind or seize a taut rope to another rope.

NIS :
Nordic Integrated System, a cross-country (Nordic) ski binding wherein an integrated binding plate on the top of the ski to which the bindings attach, allows adjustment in the field with a metallic NIS key, as manufactured by Rossignol, Madshus, Alpina, and Rottefella since 2005; the NIS is fully compatible with NNN boots and bindings, such that NIS skis allow installation of non-NIS bindings. The initial design of the NIS plate used a movable insert for position adjustment. the Rottefella "Xcelerator" bindings provides an increased power transfer from ski boots with a matching "Xcelerator" patterned sole, which includes the "QuickLock" mechanism for tool-less position adjustment in the field. In 2007, Fischer abandoned SNS and entirely switched to NIS.

NN :
Nordic Norm; see rattrap.

NNN :
New Nordic Norm, a cross-country (Nordic) ski binding wherein two ridges extend backward from the toe latch, matching corresponding channels in the ski boot, which is clamped in place by a metal bar or bail; of the several varieties of NNN, including a more rugged backcountry version, none is interchangeable with any other, including previous models by the same manufacturer.

no-hands rest :
a foothold rest that doesn't require the assistance of the climber's hands, either for balance or support; also called 'picknick stop'.

nook :
a corner, especially a secluded or obscure corner. Also, any small recess, especially a remote or sheltered spot.

Nordic :
designates cross-country (X-C) skiing, wherein only the toe of the boot is secured, as originated in Scandinavia; distinguished from alpine (downhill or slalom). [nb: National Ski Patrol established 1940]

norther / norte :
a storm or gale of cold from the north; also called "blue norther", "nor'easter", or "northern". [nb: similar regional winds around Alaska include Knik, Taku, Stikine, Matanuska, and Squamish]

northern lights :
(aka: aurora borealis, aurora polaris, northern aurora) see aurora.

NSAID :
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (eg: ASA, APC). [v: acetaminophen / paracetamol (para-acetamidophenol)]

NTN :
New Telemark Norm, a heel-free cross-country (Nordic) ski binding featuring lateral release, increased lateral rigidity, tunable performance, and free-pivot touring functionality; developed (2007) by Rottafella in two versions: Freeride (lift-assisted skiing) and Freedom (touring), with different spring cartridges available to match the binding to the skier's weight and skiing style.

nub :
a small or shallow hold that can only be gripped by a few fingers or by the tips of the toes.

nubbin :
a small projection of rock, such as a crystal protrusion, that can be used as a hold.

Nubuck® :
proprietary name of a full-grain leather that's been abraded and treated to achieve a soft, supple, and water-resistant finish.

nunatak / nunataq :
a mountain or rock that protrudes through an ice field; a hill or mountain that's been completely encircled by a glacier. [ety: Inuit loanword]

nut :
an angular metal wedge, variously sized, that's attached to a wire loop, and serves as a protective device; a climbing nut is inserted into a rock crack and it holds through counter-pressure; probably originated by adaptation from stocks at an auto supply or hardware store.

nut key :
an accessory device that's used to remove jammed nuts and other protective equipment from a route; also known as a 'cleaning tool'.

nylon :
a yarn fiber of extreme toughness, strength, and elasticity that's formed from extruded thermoplastic polyamides; coined in 1938 by the DuPont Chemical Company.

objective danger :
any potential harm or hazard that's endemic to the location or inherent in the situation, such as falling ice or avalanche, rotten rock or failed gear, and not contingent upon the climber's inexperience or exhaustion.

observation deck :
an elevated platform situated so as to provide visitors with a panoramic view of their surroundings, usually uncovered and open to the sky, whether this spectacular outlook area is built onto touring ships or tall buildings, cliff faces or mountain aeries.

off belay :
the verbal communication by the climber notifying the belayer that the rope is free, and the belayer is now relieved of responsibility; also expressed as "Off rope!" ... and especially in a training situation, the belayer will reply to the climber's call by reporting: "Off belay!".

offset :
at an angle to something; being off-centered or out of balance. Also, in a fault, the magnitude of displacement between two previously aligned bodies. Also, a flat or sloping projecting ledge on a wall, buttress, or the like, produced by a reduction in thickness above; a counterbalancing setoff.

offwidth crack / off-width crack :
an irregular or inconsistent vertical opening in a rock face; a fissure opening too broad for either hardware (ie: piton,bong, nut, cam, etc) or the jamming of a hand and arm, foot and leg, but much too narrow to wedge the climber's body (ie: chimney) ... such irregularity is awkward and fatiguing to climb, and very difficult to protect.

ojo caliente :
an early 19th century Southwestern Americanism for a hot spring. [ety: Spanish loanword]

Oligocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era, occurring from 40 million to 25 million years ago.

omphalos :
any navel-shaped stone that may symbolize the umbilicus or central point, and may function as a cult object in some religions (especially the stone in the ancient Greek temple of Apollo at Delphi, believed to mark the center of the world).

on belay / belay on :
the verbal communication notifying the climber that the belayer is setup and ready to assist as required; the belayer is relieved of responsibility when the climber calls: "Off belay!" or "Off rope!" ... and especially in a training situation, the belayer may then reply to the climber: "Off belay!" [nb: United Kingdom climbers prefer the "Climb when ready!" call]

on-sight / on-sight flash :
a clean, first-time ascent of a climbing route without prior practice or foreknowledge (beta).

open book :
metaphoric allusion to the inside, wide-angled, corner formation of rock faces that's spread open more than ninety degrees.

Ordovician :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era, from 500 million to 425 million years ago, notable for the advent of fishes.

ore :
any metal-bearing rock; a native mineral or metal that can be mined at a profit.

oread :
in Greek mythology, any of a group of nymphs presiding over mountains and hills.

orography :
the field or branch of physical geography dealing with mountains; also called "orology".

ostria :
a warm southerly wind on the (Bulgarian) coast that's considered to be a precursor of bad weather.

outcropping :
an emergence or protrusion, as of exposed strata; also called "cropping out" or "outgrowth".

outdoor idler :
sardonic allusion to a long-haul trekker who wanders the remote backwoods, subsisting at isolated campsites, simply for the untrammeled experience; after such protracted time, extended distance, and irregular exposure, it's difficult to differentiate this wilderness habitué from the normal assortment of shiftless vagrants, disreputable vagabonds, and inconsequential derelicts, except that this hinterland denizen has a home and occupation awaiting him beyond his countryside perambulations, regardless of his rough odor or nomadic appearance. [v: ski bum, surf bum, scuba bum, climbing bum]

outfall :
the outlet, discharge, or drainage of a river or other watercourse, whether surface or subterranean.

outhouse :
a small, simple, wooden outbuilding setup nearby a backwoods shelter,that's to be used as a primitive toilet with a composting dump hole; also called 'privy'.

outside corner :
a protruding acute angle of rock; the sharp intersection of two rock faces that project forward or outward at an acute angle.

overhand knot :
a simple knot of various uses, wherein the running end of the cord or line passes through a loop; unless used in combination, this knot may slip; also called "single knot" or "thumb knot".

overhang :
a projection extending out over something below; a suspended upper part over something beneath; a superincumbency in which a section of rock or ice is angled beyond the vertical. [v: jut / jutting, beetle / beetling; cf: undercut / undercutting]

overhead :
the ceiling-like interior surface of a compartment, cave, or other opening inlet into rock.

pac boots / pacs :
protective cold weather boots for field wear during wintertime that consists of a rubber shoe-like outer sole sewn to a waterproofed leather upper or legging that laces closed over a felt liner (removable for drying); developed in the early 20th century as the Canadian or Maine hunting boot, it can be fitted to snowshoes and crampons as well as to early military-style cross-country (Nordic) skis.

paint pot / paintpot :
a spring or pit filled with colored mud that's boiling; derived by association with an artist's container of paints or set of palette colors.

pajamas / pyjamas :
a cotton or silk outfit of loose-fitting trousers and jacket that's worn when working by both sexes in the Orient; a style of clothing that was introduced in the 19th century to Western civilization as lounging or sleeping attire; as derived from "legged garment" (Hindi).

Paleocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era, from 65 million to 55 million years ago, a time of mammalian proliferation.

Paleozoic :
noting or pertaining to a geologic era occurring between 570 million and 230 million years ago, when fish, insects, and reptiles first appeared; situated between the Proterozoic and Mesozoic Eras, subsuming the Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian Periods.

palisade :
(usually palisades) a line of cliffs.

pan :
a natural depression in the ground, as one containing water, mud, or mineral salts. Also, an artificial depression in the ground, as made for evaporating sea water so as to obtain salt.

pancake :
to be flattened, as by impact during mishap; as derived by metaphoric allusion to a thin bread or flat cake that's made from batter (sometimes unleavened) and fried on both sides using a pan or griddle (also called hotcake, griddlecake, flapjack, slapjack, battercake, buckwheat cake, johnnycake, jonakin, flannel cake, journey cake, funnel cake, hoecake, crepe, latke, corn cake, ashcake, oatcake, bannock, waffle, flatbread, fritter, friedcake).

panic bear :
slang for a frantic novice who's desperately searching for footholds while clinging to handholds ... such intense scrabbling and laborious scraping has been known to erode rock faces with imperishable ruts!

paraglide /-ing :
A flight activity, also called 'parapente', involving the use of an airfoil or a ram-air inflated wing (resembling a "square" parachute) in surface lift-off gliding. Flights are typically initiated by foot-launching from a hill or from a ground-based tow.

paraselene :
a bright moon-like spot on a lunar halo; a mock moon; also called "moondog". [cf: parhelion]

parhelion :
a bright circular spot on a solar halo; a mock sun: usually one of two or more such spots seen on opposite sides of the sun, and often accompanied by additional luminous arcs and bands; derived by alteration of "beside the sun", also called "sundog" [cf: paraselene].

parka :
a coat or jacket made of materials that protect against very cold temperatures, usually straight-cut with a hood; adopted from Aleut or Yupik usage through Samoyedic Russian. [nb: George Ingle Finch created the first wintertime parka containing quilted pockets of duck (eiderdown) or goose down insulation that were covered by a windproof silk balloon fabric, which was worn during an expedition (1922) to Mount Everest]

pass :
a relatively narrow route across a low point or depression in a mountain barrier; any restricted passageway through an obstacle.

partial pressure :
the pressure that a gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it occupied the same volume as the mixture at the same temperature. [cf: Dalton's law, Henry's law] [nb: it requires more time and fuel to cook at higher altitudes because the boiling point (212°F/100°C) of water is more difficult to attain as the atmospheric pressure decreases, leaving the food desiccated and partially cooked, so a small sealed container is needed to increase the pressure (which also increases the boiling point) for efficient food and beverage preparation, enabling a higher temperature to be reached before boiling occurs (water at 15psi boils at 252°F/125°C); although pressure cookers (aka: waterless cooker) reduce cooking time by a factor of three, they also prevent the escape of air and liquids below a preset temperature, which conserves their contents from evaporation ... one of the earliest models was called a "steam digester", invented by physicist Denis Papin in 1679; commercial kitchens use large volume "pressure canners" ... WARNING: as with boiling, the use of contaminated water in pressure cooking will not cleanse its impurities, since distillation requires evaporation (and condensing) to achieve potability; cf: osmotic (or reverse osmosis) filtration]

party climb :
a group of several persons who are roped together so as to cooperatively ascend a cliff or mountain; a group that shares the expenditures (fiscal, physical, etc) and risks (including sacrifice of a personal goal or attainment of a group achievement) inherent when climbing a challenging face or summit.

party ledge :
a relatively large and level perch that's suitable for a group to alight upon for rest or staging during a long or difficult climb.

pathfinder :
an Americanism for a person who finds a way or who makes a route through uncharted territory, often serving as a guide into unexplored regions for others to follow; someone who devises a new approach to a known difficulty.

payment / pay one's dues :
the fatigue and injuries inherent with the empirical method of learning; instruction in the "school of hard knocks".

peak :
the pointed top of a mountain or ridge.

peak-bagging :
the systematic acquisition of designated summits, deemed most desirable by their height or challenge, especially via prescribed routes or under prescribed conditions; a disagreeable form of trophy-hunting, scalp-collecting, or ticket-punching.

pebble :
a small rounded stone, especially one worn smooth by erosion. Also, a transparent colorless rock crystal that's used for the lenses of eyeglasses. [v: calculus]

pediment :
a gently sloping rock surface at the foot of a steep slope, usually thinly covered with alluvium.

peel :
slang for fall, fall-off, fall-down.

pegboard :
a thick board featuring a series of large-bore drilled holes, with matching moveable pegs, that's mounted vertically against an interior wall in a gymnasium as a device for exercise, for training strength and coordination ... in the post-WWII era, it was an early form of artificial climbing wall (ACW). The pegboard design was adapted from board games at the end of the 19th century, leading to a commercially manufactured Peg-Board, being a brand of perfboard or hardboard into which small pegs or hooks could be inserted for the display or stowage of various objects.

pelican hook / slip hook :
a hook-like device that's used for holding the link of a chain, the eye of a grommet, or the like, which consists of a long shackle with a hinged rod held closed with a sliding ring.

pendu / pendule :
short form of pendulum swing or pendulum traverse (qqv). [ety: French loanword]

pendulum swing :
the uncontrolled oscillations subsequent to a fall while suspended on a rope from a secure anchor.

pendulum traverse :
a maneuver whereby the climber makes a deliberate swing on a taut rope across a seamless rock face so as to attain a remote hold in order to advance along a different tack.

peneplain :
an area that's been almost entirely reduced to a plain by erosion; also spelled peneplane.

perch :
any place for a person to alight or rest upon, usually a high or elevated position.

Perlon® :
the European name for nylon; when used as rope, its ease of handling, high strengtth, and elasticity make it a good choice for climbing.

Permian :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era occurring from about 280 million to 230 million years ago, a time of mass extinctions and a profusion of amphibian species.

petrogenesis :
the origin and formation of rocks.

petroglyph / petrograph :
a prehistoric drawing or carving on rock ... the world's earliest graffiti, as created by ancient taggers of original art. [cf: chromolith, lithochromy]

petrography :
the description and classification of rocks, especially by microscopic examination; a branch of petrology.

petrology :
the scientific study of rocks.

pick :
a heavy manual tool mounted on a wooden handle that consists of a metal head that curves on one or both sides to a tapering point, which is used to break-up soil, ice, rock, and the like.

pickax / pickaxe :
a pick or adz (qqv).

picket :
a long, tubular rod that can be quickly driven (as by an ice hammer) into snow so as to establish a ready anchor in an otherwise featureless landscape.

picknick stop / pique-nique stop :
a foothold rest that doesn't require the assistance of the climber's hands, either for balance or support; also called 'no-hands rest'. [ety: French loanword]

pied a plat / pied à plat :
a crampon technique wherein the climber advances on high-angle ice with feet flat on the ice; as opposed to front-pointing. [ety: French loanword]

pied assis :
a crampon technique wherein the climber rests on high-angle ice with one foot tucked under the buttocks, toes pointed straight down-slope. [ety: French loanword]

pied d'elephant / pied d'éléphant :
a short, usually hip-length sleeping bag, which is typically used in conjunction with a down-filled jacket (duvet). [ety: French loanword]

pied en canard :
a crampon technique wherein the climber walks on moderate-angle ice with toes pointed outward ... literally "duck footed". [ety: French loanword]

pied marche :
a crampon technique wherein the climber walks on low-angle ice with toes pointed straight ahead. [ety: French loanword]

piedmont :
a plateau of rolling terrain or foothills situated between mountains and plains.

pig / pig bag :
slang for a 'dingleberry' or 'haul bag' (qqv).

pigtail :
the short segment or portion of the running end of the rope between the safety knot and the terminal end.

pike :
a hill or mountain with a pointed summit; being a Briticism derived from any sharply pointed projection or 'pinnacle'.

Pikes' Peak :
in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado, having a height of 14,108 feet.

pile :
a great or lofty accumulation that's tumbled or heaped and lying together in an assemblage; a large collection or aggregate.

pillar :
a rock obelisk, stone upright, or other monolithic structure of natural construction, relatively slender in proportion to its height, and of any shape in section, serving as a support or standing alone, as in a monument; a post or shaft. [cf: cone, spire]

pinch hold :
a hold that's literally secured by pinching.

pinch point :
the place where the anchor device is secure and holds against directional force.

pink point / pinkpoint :
to complete a lead climb without falling or resting on the rope ("hangdogging") by using previously emplaced protection from bottom to top.

pink time :
the period of diffused light, during sunrise or sunset, when the sun is below the horizon, which periods of daybreak ("false dawn" / dawn) or nightfall (evening / dusk), formally known as "nautical twilight", are optimal for navigation; normally classified as: Beginning Morning Nautical Twilight (BMNT), Ending Morning Nautical Twilight (EMNT), Beginning Evening Nautical Twilight (BENT), and Ending Evening Nautical Twilight (EENT).

pinnacle :
any lofty peak or summit; as the highest point of a mountain, or the towering part of a rock formation.

pisolite :
limestone that's composed of rounded concretions that are about the size of a pea.

piss up a rope :
to indulge or engage in a futile or pointless act, like "fly a kite"; also expressed as "spit up a rope". Also, to perform a difficult act, or to attempt something impossible, that will not change anything, like "push a rope uphill". Also, to go away and do something else or bother someone else, like "piss-off".

pit :
a hole or cavity, hollow or indentation in the ground, such as a well, shaft, or excavation.

pitch :
a section of rock between two belay points, which is no greater than the length of one climbing rope (150ft / 65m). Also, a steeply sloping or angled place on a mountainside where it is difficult to find a belay. Also, that part of a challenging climb secured by a belay, either single or multiple (multi-pitch). Also, slang for making a technical or assisted climb. Also, a section of a climb between two stances. Also, to pave, bank, or revet with small stones.

piton :
a metal spike or peg of steel or aluminum with an eye for attaching a carabiner, rope, sling, or the like, and serving as a belay point or anchor when inserted in a rock crack or other narrow opening; a type of flat or angled ringbolt that's available in various shapes and sizes. [ety: French loanword]

piton catcher :
a clip-on leash or tether that's fastened to a piton during insertion or extraction, so as to avoid its inadvertent loss.

piton hammer :
see rock hammer.

plastic ski boots :
hard plastic ski boots were introduced by Lange (1966) as a way of improving standard leather ski boots, with the plastic sole piece (ie: 75mm) being standardized so as to allow toe-and-heel bindings to clip on, and in fact, allowing any binding or ski to be adapted to the needs of the skier; plastic has the advantages of being much firmer than leather, of not changing shape over time, and of having predictable friction characteristics, whether wet or dry. The use of highly flexible plastics allowed for a sole that was very strong torsionally, but still had excellent flexibility lengthwise, allowing the heel to rise as required by cross-country (Nordic) systems.

plateau :
a land area having a relatively level surface that's considerably higher than adjoining land on at least one side; also called "tableland".

plate binding :
a metal plate that's firmly clipped to the sole of the ski boot, with a binding that clamps onto the plate, which plate could be easily removed for walking around when not skiing; introduced [BURT Retractable, Spademan, etc (ca1972)] to offset the deficiencies of fixed heel-and-toe downhill (Alpine) ski bindings, made more inconsistent by the materials and wear of various types of ski boots, a problem resolved by the displacement of plastic boots, which better fit all extant bindings. [v: Teflon anti-friction pad (1972)]

platy :
as a result of uneven cooling, thin flat sheets of split igneous rock that often resembles strata.

Pleistocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch forming the earlier half of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic Era, beginning about two million years ago and ending ten thousand years ago, the time of the last Ice Age and the advent of modern humans.

Plexiglas® :
the trademarked brand name of a lightweight, transparent plastic material (methyl methacrylate) that can be molded or cut to form tempered shields, prescription lenses, and many other objects.

Pliocene :
noting or pertaining to a geologic epoch of the Tertiary Period in the Cenozoic Era, occurring from ten million to two million years ago when mammalian life was proliferating and climatic cooling had begun.

plumber's candle :
a short, unscented, long-burning, utility candle with a cotton wick that offers greater illumination than tapers.

plume :
a deep-seated upwelling of magma within the earth's mantle; also called 'mantle plume'.

plunge step / plunge stepping :
an aggressive stride pattern for descending on hard snow or on steep-angle ice.

plus / + :
a difficulty distinction (+/-) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5.9 rating or below in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) scale. Also, a difficulty distinction (+/-) that can be added as a suffix to any aid climb classification rating (ie: A#+/A#-).

plus-fours / plus fours :
very loose-fitting short trousers that're gathered-in at the knees for wear by men engaged in some outdoor sports (eg: golf, climbing, X-C skiing, etc); popularized in the 1920s, their name derives from the addition of four inches of cloth to ordinary knickers in order to obtain the desired freedom of movement ... when climbing, these slightly longer and baggier wool knickers are usually worn with knee-socks and gaiters.

pocket :
an indentation or depression recessed into the rock surface, which is usually measured by the total number of fingers that can be crammed into it.

Pocket Rocket® :
the tradename of an MSR stove, which referent has become generic for any small foldable canister stove top.

pof :
an alternative chalk made from pine resin, which is popular in France, but discouraged (if not actively forbidden) elsewhere since it deposits a thick, shiny resin layer on the affected rock, and friction can only be restored by using more pof.

pole plant / pole-planting :
when the skier sets his downhill ski pole slightly ahead of the midline of his skis so as to aid in closely pivoting around it in a tight turn.

polyester :
a polymer fiber with good dimensional stability.

polyethylene / polythene :
a vinyl polymer of ethylene that's been used since the interwar era to make plastic containers, packaging, electrical insulation, and the like; abbreviated PE.

polypro / polypropylene :
a plastic polymer of propylene that's used chiefly for molded parts, electrical insulation, packaging, and wicking fibers for wearing apparel.

PolySprong® :
proprietary name of an extremely dynamic kernmantle rope made of extruded polymer fibers that are so elastic that aggressive rappelling can actually launch the descender back up to the top, above the point of anchor; the manufacturer (Weee LLC) recommends that this springy rope be used only by certified professionals.

polyurethane :
a thermoplastic polymer elastomer that's used in the manufacture of clothing fibers, insulation, packaging, and resins; abbreviated PU, and also called thermoplastic urethane (TPU).

poma lift / platter pull :
a plastic or rubber disk-shaped device positioned at the end of a vertical bar that's designed to carry a single skier up a slope by placing the disk between the skier's legs while the vertical bar is suspended from a motor-driven overhead cable; the platter pull is permanently fixed to the overhead cable at set intervals by webbing straps, ropes, or cables. [ety: eponymously after Pomagalski] [nb: to suddenly release (snapping-off) the poma disk or T-bar lift when dismounting at the top of the hill is not only discourteous, but could endanger anyone standing nearby or following, as the erratically swinging device moves unpredictably after departure]

poncho :
a pull-on waterproof garment, with hood and closures, made of rubberized cloth or treated nylon, that's worn instead of a raincoat, fitting over field gear and individual weapon; made warmer by the addition of a poncho liner secured to the inside by cord ties, and used as a groundsheet beneath a sleeping bag. Known since the American Civil War as a "rubber blanket" or "rubberized blanket", this outerwear was adopted from the Mexican-American War campaign.

poncho liner :
camouflage-patterned insert of layered nylon for the military rain poncho, that was used as a blanket in Southeast Asia during the era of the Vietnam War, which kept the user warm even when it was soaking wet; affectionately known as a "woobie" or "wubbie" as an item of "creature comforts" during the era of the Gulf Wars.

popper :
slang for a snap fastener that's used as a closure or adjustment on a garment.

portaledge :
a lightweight and compact hanging tent system that's designed to be deployed (erected and suspended) from anchors on a rock face, providing its occupant with a secure and weather resistant bivouac, as used on multi-day "big wall" ascents and descents.

positive :
the surface of a hold facing upwards, or away from the direction it is pulled, thus facilitating its use.

posthole / postholing :
an arm, leg, or torso-sized hole punched through the icy surface crust of deep snow when snowshoes or skiis are not or cannot be used; such postholing can precipitate an avalanche.

pothole :
a hole or pit formed by erosion or the extremes of weather. Also, a hole cut into submerged bedrock by the erosive action of sand and gravel that's whirled about by eddying water; a cylindrical pit formed by the abrading action of the detrital material in the rocky channel of a turbulent or eddying stream, being often found in formerly glaciated regions where whirling columns of meltwater sank well-like holes (moulins) through the ice. Also, a vertical cave entrance at ground level; a cave that opens vertically from the surface of the ground.

potholer :
slang for a caver, especially someone who explores submerged passages, culs-de-sac, or wells.

Precambrian :
noting or pertaining to the earliest era of earth history, ending 570 million years ago, during which the earth's crust formed and life first appeared in the seas; succeeded by the Paleozoic Era.

precipice :
a cliff with a nearly vertical or overhanging face; as derived from "steep place". Also, any situation of great peril; as derived from "headlong".

pressure breathing :
forcefully exhaling so as to facilitate oxygen (O2) /carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange at altitude; also known as the "Whittaker wheeze".

Primaloft® :
proprietary name of a synthetic microfiber insulation that uses a combination of ultra-fine and multi-diameter fibers to form an effective material, resilient and resistant.

Primus® stove :
a trademarked brand of portable oil stove used by campers, hikers, and other outdoorsmen for cooking and heating.

privy :
a small, simple, wooden outbuilding setup nearby a backwoods shelter,that's to be used as a primitive toilet with a composting dump hole; also called 'outhouse'.

problem :
the path taken by a climber when bouldering; being the same as 'route' when rope climbing on a mountain.

progress capture loop :
a friction hitch, such as a Prusik knot, that's directional, and is used to retain or restrain while under tension.

Prolink® :
a Salomon NNN-compatible cross-country (Nordic) ski binding system that was developed (2016) to commercially compete with European brands (eg: Rotefella, Fischer, etc) ; the Salomon Prolink® binding is lighter and can replace the NNN system by using pre-drilled holes directly on the skis (as opposed to a built-in ski-mounted NIS or IFP plate), and ostensibly delivers a superior snow feel, even when paired with boots having thicker soles.

prolonge knot :
a trefoil knot consisting of three overlapping loops, formed by a single rope passed alternately over and under itself at crossings; also called "sailor's breastplate".

prominence :
a protuberant projection or a conspicuous height; as derived from "jutting out", as something that's prominent, such as a promontory, precipice, or peak.

promontory :
a high point of land or rock projecting beyond the shoreline over water; a "headland". Also, a projecting bluff or plateau overlooking a lowland. Also, any conspicuous elevation; eminence.

proprioception :
an awareness of one's own body, its orientation and movement, as related by sensory nerve endings [proprioceptors] located in muscles, tendons, and the inner ear; used for proper positioning and proper interactions with external objects, including balance, exertion, extension, hyperextension, and recovery.

protection :
the hardware equipment used in aid climbing; also called "pro". Also, the setting of anchors and other safety devices that are intended to arrest a fall.

Proterozoic :
noting or pertaining to the latter half of the Precambrian Era, from about 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago, when bacteria and marine algae were the principal forms of life on earth; succeeded by the Paleozoic Era.

Prusik clip :
a locking device that, when attached to the standing rope, assists the climber to ascend the suspended rope, rather than the rock; used in lieu of a mechanical ascender.

Prusik knot / Prusik hitch :
a friction loop using an accessory cord that can be used to ascend a hanging rope, as a self-belay safety, or as a supplemental belay safety; eponymously after Karl Prusik (1931) that's also [mis-]spelled prussik, prussic, prussick, and the like. Unlike mechanical ascenders, the use of this knot will not damage the primary line, but it does not work well under icy conditions. [nb: for best effect, the girth of the cord used to tie the Prusik knot should be smaller than the diameter of the standing line; furthermore, this friction hitch works as well on one rope as on two ropes, even if of different diameters]

pseudo lead / pseudo leading :
a practice climb wherein the climber ascends a wall using a toprope while trailing a disconnected secondary rope so as to acquire the experience of clipping-in like a leader; the imitation clipping-in is performed on the disconnected secondary rope, and doesn't affect any anchors or belays on the toprope.

puddening :
a quantity of yarns, matting, or oakum, used to prevent chafing.

pulka / pulkka :
a small sleigh that's shaped like the front half of a canoe (or rowboat) in which a single rider sits upright with his back against a vertical support and legs stretching forward; in Lapland, this boat-like sledge (called an 'ahkio'and 'akja' in Finnish) is traditionally reindeer-drawn. [v: slipe, toboggan]

pulley :
a grooved wheel set in a housing that supports or guides a moving rope or cable, allowing its force to be transmitted; such a wheel or combination of wheels in a block, or such wheels or blocks in a tackle, arranged so as to increase the force applied to the line that rides in the groove in its edge; term derives from "little pivot".

pulp :
the soft pulpy residue that's deposited on the valley floor when a free climber misses his hold, or when faulty gear conspires to defeat an otherwise cautious climber, or when nature itself, abetted by poor technique, succumbs to gravity, rendering another intrepid mountaineer into a jam of unappetizing glop!

pumped / pumped-up :
to infuse with enthusiasm, competitive spirit, energy, and the like; to heighten, increase, or strengthen, as by expanded engagement or intensified effort. Also, a "flexed" condition of overworked muscles caused by an accumulation of lactic acid (a product of anaerobic glucose metabolism), which condition makes the affected muscles relatively unresponsive and weak; such severe fatigue can feel like a "burn" due to the body's inability to flush the built-up toxins and refresh the muscles with oxygenated blood; a period of rest and massage will restore strength and agility to the affected muscles.

Purcell Prusik :
a foothold friction hitch used in caving and rescue work, wherein the regular Prusik is doubled so that the longer second loop can be stood in (like a stirrup), so that the climber's hands are free to handle other chores; the foothold loop can also be rigged by hanging a webbed sling (runner) from the Prusik loop with either a carabiner or a locking overhand hitch.

Quaternary :
denoting or pertaining to the present period of earth history, forming the latter part of the Cenozoic Era, originating about two million years ago and including the Recent and Pleistocene Epochs; also called the Quaternary Period or System.

quickdraw :
consisting of a sewn-through doubled webbing strap with a loop on each end for a carabiner that allows the climbing rope to run freely through bolt anchors, chocks, or other installed protection while leading; also called extender, quickie, or 'draw. The configuration of two carabiners connected by some stiff sewn loop webbing, between five and fifteen inches in length, is commonly called a "dogbone", and may be individually constructed or commercially purchased to suit various applications.

R :
a rating (R/X) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5 designation in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS), indicating the existence of a run-out on that climbing route; on portions of this route, the placement of intermediate protection is not possible, such that if a fall occurs, the climber will impact the ground.

rack :
the assortment of protection and aid climbing hardware that's carried by a climber in order to achieve the summit. Also, the accessory loops on a vest or harness where protection and aid hardware is attached for ready use when needed.

rad :
slang for extreme; as a truncation of 'radical', this expression is generally positive or good.

raincoat :
a waterproof or water-repellent coat that's worn over a person's clothing as protection against fog, mist, rain, sleet, or snow.

ramp :
an ascending (or descending) ledge; a rock ledge that slopes at an angle off the horizontal.

randonee :
a ski binding used in Alpine touring wherein the toe of the ski boot is fixed in place but the heel of the boot may be either fixed (as in downhill skiing) or unfixed (as in cross-country skiing).

range :
a series of mountains forming a single system.

rappel / rappelling :
descent by sliding along the length of a rope, down a steep slope or vertical structure (eg: bridge, building, etc) or from an aerial platform; a method of descent whereby the climber lowers himself down steep spaces on a doubled rope (for retrieval at the end of each pitch), most often conducted by use of some descending device (eg: carabiner/snap-link, figure-8, brake-bar). Originally a method of body or "hasty rappel" (more formally called 'abseil' or 'dulfersitz') which, after doubling around an anchor and woven around the body, permitted the rope to be retrieved and re-used after descending its length. Numerous tied 'Swiss seats' and sewn harnesses were later invented, culminating in the full-body STABO rig; which is suitable for both ascent and descent, including recovery of wounded or unconscious teammates. A specialized downward-facing or inverted descent (often called "Australian" because it is performed while the body is upside down) is used with caves and buildings. Rappel training normally includes methods for ascending an attached rope, including Prusik loops, cam-ascend devices, anchors, and etriers. [ety: French loanword meaning 'recall']

rappel point :
the anchor or hardware sling to which the doubled rappelling rope is secured.

rap ring :
a welded circlet from which the rappel rope is suspended, instead of an anchor or descender or carabiner.

rating scale :
a system used to rate the difficulty of climbing routes in mountainous terrain, with some routes receiving several designations, depending upon the difficulty of various sections within that route; including: Yosemite Decimal System (YDS), aid climbing classification rating, grade rating, Australian rating system, Brazilian rating system, British rating system, French rating system, and UIAA rating system.

ratline :
see footrope.

rattrap / rat-trap :
a cross-country (Nordic) ski binding wherein a metal bar or bail clamps the toe of the ski boot into place, where it nests with three pins (originally four pins) protruding asymmetrically (oriented for left and right boots) from a base plate, so as to fix the boot in position and prevent it from sliding rearwards (out of the binding); this toe-hold tension binding (or bale and cable binding) can be released by pressing down on the clip with the tip of a ski pole. This binding is also known as 75mm, Nordic Norm, and 3-pin.

ravine :
a narrow steep-sided valley, typically eroded by running water.

Rayleigh scatter / Rayleigh scattering :
the scattering of light by particles that are very small in relation to the wavelength of the light, and in which the intensity of the scattered light varies inversely with the fourth power of the wavelength; eponymously after J.W.S. Rayleigh (1935).

razorback :
a sharp narrow ridge or range of hills; also called "hogback".

RDS :
informal military abbreviation for Rapid Deceleration Syndrome, being the malady that occurs at the end of a long unchecked fall, often accompanied by loud screaming, and resulting in a soft pulpy residue of unappetizing glop!

rebolt / rebolting :
the replacement of existing bolts on a current aid climb.

Recent / Recency :
denoting or pertaining to the present epoch, originating at the end of the glacial period, and forming the latter half of the Quaternary Period; also called Holocene (in the Cenozoic Era). Also, of or belonging to a time not long past.

recessional moraine :
deposited detritus marking a temporary halt in the general retreat of a glacier.

red flash :
a red coloration of the lower portion of the sun, occasionally seen as the sun rises above or sinks to the horizon.

red point / redpoint :
the completion of a lead climb while placing one's own protection, without falling or resting on the rope ("hangdogging").

reef / reef knot :
a square knot, wherein the ends cross in different directions, coming out alongside the standing parts, which allows the bights to tighten, producing a secure knot that's used for tying things down; also called "flat knot".

reeve :
to pass a rope or line through a ring, hole, slot, or the like, as to rig or rove; derived from 'reef' (to make secure with tie downs). Also, to fasten by placing around or through something.

regolith :
the layer of weathered rock and soil overlying bedrock; also called 'mantle rock'.

rendezvous :
a place designated for assembly or meeting; an agreement to gather at a certain time and place; the meeting itself, as derived from "betake yourselves".

rendezvous start :
departing later in the day than originally planned, instead of postponing the launch for bright and early the next day; being an attempt to approximate the intended schedule without falling behind before the trip actually begins.

rent :
an opening made by rending or tearing, as a fissure.

rest step :
the practice of relaxing or resting the unweighted uphill leg by briefly pausing with the climber's weight on the knee-locked lower or rear leg so as to save effort or conserve energy between each stride.

retie / retied / retying :
to tie something (ie: cord, rope, webbing strap, etc) together again, as in a knotted interlacement. [nb: not "re-..."]

retro-bolting :
the addition of extra or supplementary bolts on a current aid climb.

reverse slope :
on the backside and below the top of a hill, opposite the front or facing slope, but oriented in the same direction, as used for protection or concealment.

R horizon :
bedrock that's immediately underlying layers of soil.

riata :
a braided rawhide rope, usually with a hondo spliced at one end; derived from "to tie again, tied to fit" (Spanish: "la reata").

rib :
a slightly protruding rise or small horizontal ridge on a rock face; a singular corrugation, wale, welt, or fret.

Richter scale :
the Richter magnitude scale, developed in 1935 by Charles F. Richter, is a logarithmic scale, ranging from 1 - 10, that's used for measuring earthquake intensity (magnitude). The Richter magnitude is computed from the measured amplitude and frequency of the earthquake's shock waves received by a seismograph, adjusted to account for the distance between the observing station and the epicenter of the earthquake. An increase of 1.0 in the Richter magnitude corresponds to an increase of 10 times in the amplitude of the waves, and to an increase of about 31 times more energy released by the quake. The Richter scale measures the intensity of the earthquake itself, not the intensity of the earthquake's effects, which are estimated by the Mercalli scale.

ridge :
the long and narrow upper edge, raised angle, or crest of a hill, vault, or something similar; as derived from "spine". Also, a long narrow elevation of land, as a chain of hills or mountains.

ridgerunner / ridge-runner / ridge runner :
slang for a volunteer who monitors the access routes and woodland trails in parks and forests as augmentation to the official government patrolmen, checking environmental resources and natural habitats, lending aid and advice to hikers, climbers, and campers visiting the area.

rift :
a fissure or cleft. Also, a fault, especially one causing an open space or clear interval.

rig :
(forthcoming);

rim :
the outer edge or boundary, which is often curved; as derived from a ridge or raised strip of land.

rime :
a thin crust of ice coating exposed surfaces; an opaque coating of tiny, white, granular ice particles, caused by the rapid freezing of supercooled water droplets on impact with an object; also called rime ice, glaze, glazed ice, frost, silver frost, hoarfrost, or verglas.

rimrock :
rock forming the natural boundary of a plateau or other rise.

ringbolt :
a bolt with a ring fitted in an eye at its head.

riprap :
an embankment or berm, wall or foundation, made of broken stones and pieces of rock, often irregularly assembled.

rivet :
a short metal stud that's tapped into a drilled hole and connected to a short sling or hanger on aid climbing; a rivet will hold the bodily weight of a climber, even when set in very shallow holes.

roche moutonnee / roche moutonnée :
a rounded rock outcrop, glacially eroded, usually one of a group, resembling a sheep's back; literally "fleecy rock". A spur formed into a rounded outcropping by glacial erosion, which characteristically presents a smoother up-ice side and a rougher (scored or striated) down-ice side; also called 'sheepback'.

rock :
an aggregate classified by its chemical structure and formation; mineral matter of variable composition and character that's been formed or transformed, assembled or reassembled in masses by natural processes, such as heat or sedimentation; including basalt, granite, lava, limestone, mudstone, obsidian, sandstone, shale, slate, soapstone, traprock, and so forth. [v: agglomerate, conglomerate, metamorphose] [nb: exposed limestone rock in the desert can contain an abundance of water that's held in under pressure by a crust that forms on its surface, such that if the crust is suddenly cracked apart, the water may gush forth]

rock-bound :
hemmed-in, surrounded by, or covered by rocks. Also, oriented or directed toward rocks and boulders, mountains or climbing.

rock drill :
a steel shaft of various diameters with a star-shaped point that's used to bore relatively short holes in stone or masonry by striking the end with a hammer while rotating the tip; such a narrow hole is intended to accept an anchor bolt, a connector secured by wedges, a load of explosives, and so forth. [cf: gimlet, auger, sinker, drifter, stoter, jackhammer]

rock dust :
those minute particles that result from the natural or mechanical pulverization of rocks and stones; especially a crushed limestone that's sprayed on surfaces in mines to make coal dust incombustible in the event of a gas explosion.

rockery :
a rock garden of plants grown among stones, or of stones arranged artistically; an aesthetic arrangement of plants and/or stones that's intended to inspire meditation, to evoke creativity, or to instill tranquility.

rock garden :
a rockery; also represented as a "Zen garden" or "tray landscape".

rock hammer :
a lightweight tool used to break-off samples and to crack-open specimens, the implement consisting of a chisel-like cross-peen wedge opposite the smallish striking head surmounted on a short handle; this compact tool serves to expose rock structure, to clean crevices of debris, and to pound climbing hardware into rock openings; also called "geologist's hammer" and "piton hammer".

rock hound / rockhound :
a recreational collector of rocks, fossils, and minerals; an amateur geologist.

rock jock :
rhyming slang for a mountaineering enthusiast.

rock rash :
a generalized phrase for the abrasion or chafing of skin resulting from close contact with hard or unyielding surfaces, usually gravity slippage or tension friction.

rock rat :
rhyming slang for a mountaineering enthusiast.

rock-shelter :
a shallow cave, natural depression or recess, or any other unimproved sanctuary or primitive dwelling; a den or lair.

Rocky Mountains :
a system of mountains in western North America forming the continental divide ("Great Divide"); also known as the "Rockies", "Stony Mountains", "High Stonies", or "Shining Mountains"; the highest peak in the contiguous states is Mount Elbert (14,431ft), the highest peak in Canada is Mount Robson (12,972ft), and the highest peak in Alaska is Mount McKinley (20,320ft).

rogue's yarn :
informal reference to the insertion of a distinctively different yarn into the ropes and lines of cordage so as to identify the manufacturer in case of defect, or to identify the source in case of theft; also called "identification thread", being a strand of yarn of a distinctively different color, fiber or twist, unique to each producer, that's introduced along the full length of ropes and cords sold to the military.

rolling hitch :
a knot similar to a clove hitch but taking one more turn around the object to which the line is being bent; a hitch on a fixed object composed of two round turns and a half hitch, so disposed as to jam when a stress is applied parallel to the object on which the hitch is made; also called "Magnus hitch".

roof :
slang for a large rock overhang in which an almost horizontal forward projection somewhat resembles an eave or ceiling; a superincumbency. [v: jut / jutting, beetle / beetling; cf: undercut / undercutting]

roof climbing :
a recreational form of free climbing wherein young people scale the exterior of a multi-story building so as to summit its rooftop; a challenging pastime that became popular among urban and cloistered collegians from the early 20th century onwards. [cf: base jumping]

the roof of the world :
an allusion to Tibet (Thibet), or the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (pinyin: Xizàng or Zàngqu), which has an average elevation of 16,000 feet. Also refers to the Himalayas or Himalaya Mountains.

rope :
any type of line (eg: kernmantle, laid, braid, plait, twine) that can be used to attach, connect, tether, secure, restrain, haul, lift, or other useful purpose, which is available in static or dynamic, wet or dry varieties; a basic item of climbing equipment consisting of the physical life line connecting the climber to the rock and the belayer. Also, slang for marijunana, as to "smoke a rope", due to ropes having once been made from hemp, manilla, sisal, and other bast fibers.

rope bridge :
a temporary traverse, using one (.), two (I), or three (V) strands of rope with a retrievable tension-knot (eg: butterfly knot), for small unit crossings of difficult or time-consuming water courses or ravines; derived from ancient Chinese catenary or suspension-archbridges. Rope bridges have existed, with bamboo slides or cradles, in China and Tibet since AD20; and by technomigration in the Andes from ca1290. Relative tensile strength of materials: hemp @8,000psi; bamboo @26,000psi; silk @65,000psi; steel cable @256,000psi.

rope burn :
a skin abrasion resulting from the heat of friction generated by the movement of a rope against the skin; caused by the loss of control of a rope, by entanglement in a rope, or by poor handling or casting technique.

rope jumping :
an extreme sport wherein someone jumps from an object using a rope and other basic items of climbing equipment. [cf: bungee jumping / bungee cord jumping]

rope of sand :
the proverbial "weak link", being a tie or connection, join or union that is essentially unreliable, and so virtually worthless.

rope tow :
a machine-driven endless loop of spliced rope that runs continuously so as to transport skiers uphill on a ski slope by simply grasping the rope and allowing themselves to be pulled uphill; often augmented at increments by power rollers to keep the sagging rope from cutting into the hill, or performed in stages that allow less experienced skiers a shorter or easier downhill run.

ropewalk :
any rope bridge, or a crossing by rope bridge. Also, any assisted climb or traverse made low-risk by supportive hardware; used in the same sense as "cake walk", meaning easy or simple. Also, a long narrow path or building where ropes are made.

ropeway :
a system for carrying passengers in a cable-car and freight in capsules that operate along overhead cables; a tramway or telpherage.

rottefella :
Norwegian for 'rattrap' (qv), being a spring tension binding for cross-country (Nordic) skis that was adapted from a couple of hardware store rat traps by Bror With (1927), with the success of this design demonstrated at the Saint Moritz Winter Olympics [Sankt Moritz, Switzerland (1928)], its popularity lasted two-thirds of a century ... the Rottefella company has since developed other ski binding innovations.

rotten :
yielding or friable due to disintegration or decomposition, such as breakable rock that will not accept hardware protection, or cannot bear the climber's weight; and by extension, anything bad or corrupt, unreliable or unsatisfactory.

rotten ice :
ice that's pitted or honeycombed from melting.

rottenstone :
a friable stone resulting from the decomposition of a siliceous limestone.

round turn :
a wrap of rope or line around an object one-and-a-half times so as to reduce the load over a small diameter (less than 3"), or to relieve knot tension by increasing friction.

route :
the path of a particular climb, especially when using ropes on a sheer rock face. Also, a predefined set or series of moves.

rove / reeve :
to pass strands through an opening, or a line through a hole or ring, preparatory to fastening them or making them secure. Also, to wander.

royal christie / royal christy :
a skiing turn in which the skier, traversing across the slope with skis parallel, then executes a skidding stem christie turn, except that the unweighted ski is held off the ground (or with only the ski tip gently riding along the slope) until the turn is completed, and the skis are again positioned parallel.

RP :
the original brass nut or taper, being a small and effective form of protection for clean aid.

rubber ice :
thin ice that shifts, cracks, or groans when crossed on foot.

rubble :
rough fragments of broken stone formed by geological processes. Also, the broken bits and pieces of anything, as from quarrying or bombing.

ruck / rucksack :
a backpack capable of carrying large heavy loads; modern packsack styles have varied from external frame, interior frame, and no frame, with the ancient Greek RUCKSACK being a backpacked wickerwork basket.

rucking :
a type of interdisciplinary training that melds power walking with upper-body tension by speed walking while carrying a weighted backpack over varied terrain for an extended distance; an exercise modality (burning three times as many calories as straight walking) that has practical applications for outdoorsmen, but has lately become a form of long-distance competition. [nb: rock climbers can substitute the weighted rucksack by rigging a shoulder harness with overlapping Swami belts from which a pair of dumbbells are suspended by oversized snap-links]

rule of thumb :
any rough or practical method of procedure, being an allusion to simple handspan or hand's-breadth measurement estimates. Also, a general principle or guideline based on experience or practice, as opposed to a precise scientific calculation. [eg: the first joint of the adult thumb measures almost exactly one inch; the 'hand' is an unconventional unit of measure equivalent to four inches, while a 'handspan' is a non-standard measure approximating eight to ten inches; cf: ell, cubit]

Rum Doodle :
any mythic mountain climbed by an unsuitable or incompetent party, based upon a parody of classic technique entitled "The Ascent of Rum Doodle" by W.E. Bowman (1956); this cult book has also inspired a climber's registry and eatery in the Himalayas, as well as the formal identification of an Antarctic elevation measuring 153 feet.

run in / in run :
the measured distance on a ski jump from the starting position to the take-off launch point.

runner :
slang for a sling loop of sewn webbing in various sizes. Also, a webbing component, together with anchors and carabiners, for an on-demand safety belay of a lead climber.

running belay / running-belay :
a method of using carabiners as an on-demand safety restraint, in combination with pitons or slings secured to the rock, so as to protect the climbing leader on a pitch; also called "runner", as opposed to 'fixed belay'.

running-end :
the loose or working end of a rope or line; also called "running part", as opposed to standing-end.

running knot :
a knot made around a rope so as to slide along a part of the same rope, thus forming a noose ('running noose') that will tighten as the rope is pulled; a slipknot.

running noose :
a loop formed in a cord or rope by means of a slipknot, which binds tighter as the moving line is pulled; also called "slip noose".

run-off :
something that drains or flows off surfaces, as rainwater or snowmelt.

run out / run-out / runout :
the length of rope extended for maneuver and advancement between belays by the climbing leader. Also, an inordinate span between two points of protection; the portion of a route between the last point of protection and the top anchor, typically a fairly low-grade slab. Also, an inordinately long portion of a route having minimal protection, often dangerously distant. Also, a clear open area, usually flat or slightly sloping, situated at the base of a hill, where skiers can mount their skis, adjust their bindings, practice movements or maneuvers, and dissipate or deplete their excess speed from downhill skiing; in ski jumping, the expansive distance from the take-off launch point to this landing and recovery area.

rugose / rugosity :
rough, with wrinkles or ridges, especially a hold-sized area of rock that has a rougher texture than its surroundings.

RURP® :
proprietary acronym for Realized Ultimate Reality Piton, designed by Yvon Chouinard, being a postage stamp sized miniature piton.

saddle :
a high pass situated between two peaks that's larger than a col; a ridge connecting two higher elevations, being a distinctive topographic terrain feature that's also called "saddleback". Also, any supporting member for a suspended line or cable, as when bridging.

safe :
the call made to the belayer and other climbers that the person ascending or descending is off of the line; the term "clear" is also used to inform others that the rope is no longer being used.

Saf-Ski® toe binding :
a proprietary Alpine (downhill) ski binding, invented by Hjalmar Hvam (1937) while recovering from a broken leg acquired during a skiing accident, releases the slotted ski boot from the metal clip toepiece with its pyramidal top when the angle of intersection becomes too acute, but was forced out of the market (1966) by escalating insurance rates.

Sagarmatha :
the Nepali name of Mount Everest, meaning "Mother Goddess of the World".

sailor's hitch :
see taut-line hitch.

sailor's knot :
see carrick bend.

Saint Bernard of Menthon :
venerated in the Latin church as the patron saint of alpinists, mountaineers, mountain climbers, skiers, and other upland travelers; also known as 'Bernard of Montjoux' and 'Bernard of Aotha'. After starting a patrol that cleared robbers from the Alps, he established hostels and hospices for traveling pilgrims. The breed of large dogs, trained to search for victims who were lost in the mountains, is named for this saint. Saint Bernard is usually represented as a robed rescuer with a white dog who's using his crosier as an alpenstock in a mountain setting.

Saint Christopher :
the "Christ-bearer" was once a saint and martyr of the Greek and Latin churches, but the patron saint of travelers was dropped from the liturgical calendar in 1969; he was the protecting saint against floods, fires, and earthquakes, and his image was believed to keep the viewer from harm.

salt dome :
a domal geologic structure formed by upward movement of a salt mass; associated with subterranean pools of oil and gas.

sandbag :
where a rating doesn't accurately represent the true difficulty of a climb, to down-play or soft-pedal the difficulties of a prospective ascent in order to induce a dubious partner to undertake the venture.

sandstorm :
a windstorm, as in a desert, that blows along great clouds of sand; variously known as "haboob", "sirocco", "leveche", "harmattan", "brickfielder", and "Santa Ana".

sasquatch :
a legendary humanoid creature, imposingly large and impressively agile, grossly hairy and malodorously rank, that's reputed to inhabit the hinterlands of North America, from the mountain forests of the Pacific Northwest to the trackless wetlands of the subtropical Southeast; also known as swamp creature or highland bigfoot, skunk ape or mountain demon.

saxifrage :
a small flowering herb that grows wild in the clefts of rocks; as derived from "stone-breaking" plant.

scale :
to ascend, progress, or advance by steps, stages, intervals, increments, or other graduated series. [v: Quebec, Chapultepec, Saint Lo] Also, to subdivide a rating system into increments that can best identify the severity of some particular terrain, or can best designate the difficulty of progressing through that terrain. Also, a proportional adjustment that places any representation into its proper perspective (eg: mapping). Also, a series of marks laid down at determinate distances, as along a line, for purposes of measurement or computation. Also, a graduated line, as on a map, representing proportionate size; the ratio of distances on a map to corresponding values on the surface of the earth. Also, a progression of steps or degrees.

scaling ladder :
see Jacob's ladder.

scarp :
a line of cliffs formed by the faulting or fracturing of the earth's crust; a steep slope, also called an "escarpment".

schist :
any of a class of crystalline metamorphic rocks whose constituent mineral grains have a more or less parallel or foliated arrangement.

schralp :
a surfing loanword, being a compliment for performing extraordinarily well under difficult circumstances. Also, slang for flaying the skin off of one's hands while actively engaged.

schuss :
a straight downhill ski run performed at high speed. [ety: German loanword literally meaning 'shot']

schusser / schuss-boomer :
a rash or reckless high-speed skier; also called boomer or basher. [cf: schuss-boomee: skier hit by a reckless skier]

schussing :
in downhill (Alpine) skiing, to proceed at high speed; in cross-country (X-C) skiing, to proceed directly or expeditiously, without hesitation or delay.

schwag :
slang for terrible rock conditions.

scoria :
a cinder-like basic cellular lava; as derived from "dung".

scrabble :
frantic scratching or clawing with the hands, as to struggle in a disorganized manner; to scramble.

scramble / scrambling :
a quick climb or progression over rough and irregular ground without the use of ropes; to climb quickly using both hands and feet, as to clamber.

screamer :
slang for a long terminal fall, unchecked by a Prusik knot safety, anchors, or belays. Also, slang for a nylon webbing construction that consists of a single large loop sewn together in multiple places, making a shorter length secured to the climber's harness, which sewn (daisy chain) sections are intended to rip out in a continuously tearing series in the event of a fall, absorbing some of the stress energy by incrementally parting, and decelerating the fallen climber, while the descent is still under control.

scree :
a steep mass of loose rock or broken gravel (variously ranging from fingertip to fist sized, typically rounded but sometimes fractured) laying on the slope of a mountain, especially at its base; as derived from 'landslide'.

screw-on :
a small artificial hold of various shape, size, or color that's screwed onto the climbing wall (ACW) so as to augment a route in a climbing gym.

scumming / scuzzing :
slang for gaining purchase on a rock by any means, regardless of how tenuous, awkward, or aesthetically displeasing.

scum pit / scumpit :
slang for the lower level of a portaledge (qv); also called "little rico".

second :
the climber who follows the leader or first ascender up a pitch, belaying from below while the lead advances; roles may reverse between pitches.

section traveler :
a trekker or climber who undertakes the accomplishment of a significant or substantial goal in parts or portions by segmentally interrupting the effort with breaks for weather or resupply, so as to return to family or work obligations; also called flip-flop, and juxtaposed to through travel.

sediment / sedimentation :
mineral or other organic matter that's deposited by air, water, or ice; the insoluble matter that settles, after suspension, to the bottom of a liquid; as derived from 'sit'. [v: silt, lees, dregs]

sedimentary rock :
rock formed by the accumulation or deposition of sediment.

seep / seepage :
moisture that slowly flows through permeable rock, its pores and crevices, so as to form a pool from filtered ooze; also known as a "drip spring", wherein liquid percolates through porous matter.

self-arrest :
the use of a planted ice axe or picket as a fixed belay in the event of a slip or fall. Also, an automatic safety backup performed by a Prusik installed above the descender when rappelling. Also, a method of stopping a controlled glissade.

send :
informal referent for cleanly completing a climbing route.

sennit / sennet / sinnet :
a flat, braided cordage that's formed by plaiting strands of yarn (or other fibers); used as cord for incidentals and accessories.

serac / sérac :
an ice pinnacle or other large irregular protrusion formed in crevasses and on mountain faces by the melting and movement of ice, such an inherently unstable tower or block of ice can collapse and cause avalanches; this glaciation resembles a kind of white cheese, hence this term derived from 'whey' [serum].

75mm :
see rattrap.

sewing machine leg :
the involuntary vibration or juddering, jittering or shivering of one or both lower appendages resulting from cold outside temperatures, fatigue, or distress; such spasms affect balance and control, making the climber subject to accident or injury; also called "scissor leg", "Elvis Presley syndrome", and "disco knee".

shaft :
a vertical enclosure or a well-like passageway that connects to the surface. Also, a sloping excavation that leads or extends to the surface. Also, a long pole or handle forming the body of various tools and weapons, and serving to balance or manipulate them.

sharp end :
the leading point where difficulties are first encountered along the route; the end of the rope ahead of the belay, where safety is not assured.

sheepback / sheepback rock :
see roche moutonnee / roche moutonnée.

sheer :
very steep perpendicular or vertical extension; precipitous. Also, unmixed, unmitigated, unadulterated, unalloyed.

sheet :
a more or less horizontal mass of rock, especially volcanic rock intruded between strata or poured out over a surface. Also, any broad thin material or surface, as ice or plastic. Also, a thin line or cord used in reeving and adjusting tackle, or in the adjustment and securing of large flats or sails; and like the hawser, is never called a "rope".

sheet bend :
a knot tied between two ropes by forming a bight in one and passing the end of the other through the bight, around it, and under itself; also called "becket bend", "netting knot", "mesh knot", "weaver's hitch", "weaver's knot".

shelf-life / shelf life :
the term or period during which a stored commodity, such as food, remains effective, useful, viable, or suitable for consumption.

shelter :
any protective cover or refuge from storms or danger; a simple or primitive dwelling that will shield the occupants from adversity ... especially a hut, lean-to, hide, or shebang.

shelter-half :
the individual section that's paired when assembling a pup tent for the temporary housing of two persons and their equipment; being a low small shelter supported by sectional poles that's pegged to the ground with pickets; the shelter-half can also serve satisfactorily as a lean-to for single occupancy, and it also serves as a groundsheet when a tarp or poncho is not available.

Sherpa :
a tribal name for the Nepalese people of Tibetan descent who serve as porters on climbing and trekking expeditions in the Himalayas; originally 'shar pa' for "people from the east", being those who migrated over the Nangpa La Pass, near Mount Cho Oyu. Also, generic term for anyone working as a porter, regardless of ethnic status or geographic location.

shin / shinny :
to climb by holding fast with the hands or arms and legs and drawing oneself upward.

shingle :
small waterworn stones or pebbles; also the bedded area where these small stones or pebbles are washed up and lie in a loose mass.

shoddy :
a fiber made from reclaimed wool, generally consisting of a longer staple and of better quality than inferior mungo. Also, a low-grade fabric made from this reclaimed fiber, usually in combination with other fibers; reused or reprocessed woolen fabric. Also, anything of inferior quality or workmanship.

shoepac / shoepack :
a heavy, waterproof, cold weather boot that laces closed and is often lined with a double insole; derived as folk etymology for a moccasin with an extra sole, from Delaware Indian pidgin for 'shoe' (seppock).

Short-ee Skis® :
proprietary name of very short skis (2-5ft), especially sized for children, created by Clif Taylor as an aid in teaching Alpine technique to beginners, as well as for dramatic use by stunt performers on downhill slopes; also informally known as "shorty" or "shortie" skis.

short fixing :
a maneuver whereby the leader continues to climb beyond the last fixed rope belay, using self-belay methods, while the second cleans the pitch while catching up with the leader so as to establish a new fixed rope belay point, which incremental staging continues until the route is completed.

short roping :
a form of simultaneous climbing (simul-climb) wherein a pair of climbers, connected by a short line on a tibloc, advance up the route together with the leader inserting protection and the second cleaning the pitch; the tibloc prevents the second from pulling the leader down if a slip occurs.

shorty skis / shortie skis :
fully featured short downhill skis, usually having stiff camber, that are adopted for their compactness and versatility.

SI :
the abbreviation for the International System of [physical] Units, which includes meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity).

side grip :
a vertical hold that requires a sideways pull (horizontal hand grip) to be effectively gripped; also called "side pull".

side-step / side-stepping :
a method of ascending a slope on skis by side-stepping up the fall line, moving the uphill ski first and then drawing the downhill ski alongside, while keeping both skis parallel and perpendicular to the line of descent.

siege :
an extended assault on a mountain by moving laboriously upward through a series of progressively higher camps, which tactics include the use of supplemental oxygen, previously cached equipment dumps, and the employment of high-altitude porters to transport supplies and setup camps.

sierra :
a chain of hills or mountains, with the peaks suggesting the teeth of a saw.

Silurian :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Paleozoic Era, occurring from 425 million to 405 million years ago, marked by the advent of air-breathing animals and terrestrial plants.

silver frost :
glaze; also called "silver thaw", "hoarfrost", "frost", "rime", or "verglas".

silver thaw :
glaze; also called "silver frost", "hoarfrost", "frost", "rime", or "verglas".

simul-climb :
see short roping.

single knot :
a simple knot wherein the end of the cord or line passes through a loop; unless used in combination, this knot may slip; also called "overhand knot".

single pitch :
the entire climb secured by a solitary belay, either from above or below, and typically shorter than the length of one rope.

single rope :
the use of less complicated techniques while sport climbing on lower-grade traditional routes.

sink :
a low-lying, poorly drained area where water collects, some of which may percolate or evaporate.

sinkhole :
a drain formed in soluble rock by erosion, which serves to conduct surface water to an underground passage. Also, a depressed area in which drainage collects.

sirdar :
(sur-dahr) the Sherpa term for the lead climber, the head of a climbing party, or the mountain guide on a trek.

sit start / sit down start :
beginning a climb from a seated position so as to fit in extra or additional moves, especially when assaulting an Artificial Climbing Wall (ACW) in a gym; denoted as SDS in some topo guides. [cf: supine start in competitive rope climbing]

Sisyphean :
any futile or hopeless task, any unavailing or meaningless endeavor; as derived from the punishment imposed upon Sisyphus for either divulging the secrets of the gods, or for defying the will of the gods. According to ancient legend, Sisyphus is condemned to endlessly toil at the heartbreaking job of rolling a huge stone up a hill, until at the top, it always rolls back down from the summit to the base, whereupon he must push it back up again.

sketching :
slang for when a climber's nervous feet are moving so fast on the rock face that they seem to be drawing a picture, like a cartoon animal that scribbles its escape route and disappears into it; probably derived from the expression: "Sketch this (hard climb)!" or "Sketch this (tense situation)!".

ski binding :
in the early days of skiing, a device consisting of an overlap set of lace-up side panels forming a cup-like toepiece that secures the skier's boot to the ski, which was augmented by a heel lashing to prevent separation of the boot from the ski; this arrangement was adopted from a similar snowshoe binding, which could accommodate various sized protective cold weather boots, including shoepacs and mukluks. Fritz R. Huitfeldt invented (1894ff) several secure metal toe bindings, including crescent hooks and L-brackets, which allowed the heel to move freely; these changes included replacing twisted birch with leather straps (1897), then adopting the Hoyer-Ellefsen toggle tension lever (1904) as a replacement for strap buckles. Marius Eriksen introduced (1920) pre-formed metal plates that were screwed on top of the ski in imitation of the Huitfeldt-style binding, then Mathias Zdarsky introduced a long metal plate under the sole of the ski boot, hinged at the front to allow the heel to rise, with the heel attached by a short strap at the back, making a very firm mechanical connection. The rattrap binding (1927) eliminated the heel strap and fixed the toe of the ski boot in place by marrying holes in the sole of each boot with matching pins on the mounting plate that also secured the boot toe with a tension bail or clamp. The introduction of the cable binding permitted the Christie turn to become routine on downhill ski runs, whereupon Guido Reuge, a Swiss racer, introduced (1929) steel clips in the sides of both skis below the boot heel, which enabled the ski boot heel to be clamped down by running the cable through these guides during downhill portions of the ski run ... the product was called "Kandahar", after the international Kandahar Cup ski races in Afghanistan. Guido Reuge then replaced the heel strap with a metal cable encircling the heel and connected to a spring at the front of the toepiece, which arrangement (1932) provided even, self-adjusting tension as the ski boot moved through its range of motion. A plate binding, which is a metal plate that's firmly clipped to the sole of the ski boot [BURT Retractable, Spademan, etc (ca1972)], that interfaced by clamping the plate with a binding, to offset the deficiencies of fixed heel-and-toe downhill (Alpine) ski bindings, which were made more inconsistent by the materials and wear of various types of ski boots, was a problem that was later resolved by the displacement of plastic boots, which better fit all extant bindings, including Nordic / cross-country (X-C).

ski boot :
a heavy, thick-soled, ankle-high shoe used for skiing in cold weather, often having padding and supporting straps or laces, sometimes grooved or mounted with hardware so as to accommodate one or another type of ski binding; originating as insulated footwear (eg: mukluk, shoepac, etc), then becoming a leather or plastic (1966) appurtenance to an integrated ski system ... because boots weren't consistent, and wear made them more inconsistent, safety requirements mandated an amalgamation of boot, binding, and ski.

ski bunny / snow bunny :
a beginner (on the "bunny slope"), especially a child or a female.

skid lid :
slang for helmet (qv).

skijoring :
a sport in which a skier is pulled over snow by an animal (eg: dog, horse, etc) or a machine (eg: snowmobile, tractor, etc), in a manner similar to water skiing behind a motorboat.

ski lift :
a device that carries skiers up a slope that typically consists of chairs or bars suspended from a motor-driven overhead cable.

skillcraft :
any of the particular climbing techniques that may be essential in a specific situation; talent or ability, especially mechanical or manipulative, which has been acquired by training or experience; any combination of available proficiencies, being masterly and well suited in application, apt and adroit in execution.

skillset / skill set :
that necessary aggregate of climbing techniques enabling safe and successful climbs; that combination of masterly abilities which defines proficiency; that variety of manual arts and physical techniques that are available for development or implementation; those facilities and dexterities that may be used when trouble shooting and problem solving.

skins :
truncation of 'climbing skins' (qv).

Ski Patrol / Ski Patrolman :
an expert skier and climber, and certified Emergency Medical Technician, who's employed to ensure that the outdoor winter environment is relatively safe, and who performs rescue and recovery operations using first aid supplies, litters, sleds, or toboggans; easily recognizable in a rust-colored parka with goggles, gloves, and fanny pack. [nb: National Ski Patrol (NSP) established in Stowe, VT (1938); chartered by Congress (1980)]

ski pole :
a slender pole or tapering rod, used in pairs and sized to fit under the arms, as used by skiers to assist their balance, maneuver, and propulsion, with a metal point below a basketwork ring at the lower end, and with a hand grip and wrist loop at the upper end; the basketwork ring functions like snowshoes in preventing the pole from sinking too deeply into the snow, and the metal tip is angled to keep it from getting stuck when firmly planted. [nb: the skier's hand is inserted through the wrist thong from below so that the excess webbing will be included when the grip is grasped (from above)]

skyglow / sky-glow :
the illumination of the night sky, or parts of it, as most commonly caused by artificial light (or "light pollution"), which creates a disruptive "light dome" over populated areas and commercial venues, but may also be caused by natural sources of diffuse nighttime light, such as airglow and zodiacal light in the upper atmosphere; this unpolarized "bright night" effect is enhanced by dense cloud cover and snow or ice covering the ground, which results in obscuring stellar observation by reduced albedo contrast, and light trespass tends to negate nocturnal adaptability resulting in relative misorientation and disorientation.

skyhook / sky hook :
a metal hook used in aid climbing, which device is placed over an edge or flake; also known as a "cliff-hanger" or "aidhook" ... to be mysteriously whisked away, as by allusion to the Fulton Recovery System. Also, slang for the trawl-like Fulton Recovery System, designed by Robert E. Fulton, for use as an aerial retrieval of ground packages or extraction / exfiltration of special operatives from enemy territory in a clandestine manner.

skylight :
an opening in the ceiling, overhead, or roof of an underground cave, tube, or tunnel that admits air and light into the subterranean area; a "window" onto the earth's surface, which is often an inaccessible aperture in the hemispherical vault of a concave dome.

skyline :
to highlight or silhouette personnel or equipment, as when standing on or traversing a crest, instead of a defile. Also, the division or separation of earth and sky at the horizon.

slab :
a relatively low-angle (significantly less than vertical) section of rock, usually with few large features; a smooth rock face of varying angles (usually 30°-70°).

slab climbing :
moving on a smooth sheet of rock that lacks large handholds by using friction and balance with the climber's body held away from the rock surface so as to maneuver around and up the slab; climbing rock that is less than vertical by emphasizing balance, footwork, and using very small features or rough spots on the rock for friction.

slack :
not tight, taut, firm, or tense; lax or loose, as to lessen or play-out a rope. Also, a part of something, as a rope or tarp, that hangs loose, without strain upon it; the "trailing end" of a rope. Also, slow, sluggish, or indolent. Also, inactive, weak, or dull. Also, negligent; careless; remiss. Also, a depression between hills, in a hillside, or in the land surface. Also, a morass, bog, or marshy ground; a hollow or dell, sink or swale with soft, wet ground at the bottom.

slackline / slack line :
that part of a rope or other line that hangs loose, without strain upon it. Also, a line loosely suspended between two anchors for the secure conveyance of persons or goods, especially in rescue operations; also called "highline". Also, a new sport that has developed since the early 1980s from the practice of balancing on chain and walking on flat webbing straps, either low ("trick-lining") or high ("highlining" with safety leash), that's more informal and dynamic than high-wire walking; such recreational 'slacklining' should not be confused with the field expedient mountain rescue technique.

slack packing / slack-packing / slackpacking :
when the individual quantity of personal gear and equipment, food and tools, which loadout is normally borne by each climber or trekker, is instead shuttled from stage to stage by others using physical strength or mechanical advantages so as to spare the primary person undue "wear and tear", fatigue or stress, in advancing toward their objective; the practice of ferrying excess weight by phased intervals so as to make the trip more pleasant ... the sectional traveler usually carries a day pack or fanny pack to avoid being stranded or inconvenienced enroute while servitors or porters, pack animals or lift vehicles bear the major portion of the load. [v: Sherpa]

slag :
the scoria from a volcano. Also, the more or less completely fused and vitrified matter that's separated and removed (from a steel bath) during the reduction of a metal from its ore; also called 'cinder', as derived from 'dross' (German: schlacke). Also, waste left over after the re-sorting of coal.

slake :
to loosen or slacken; to make less tense, tight, or taut. Also, to quench, allay, mitigate, abate; to make less active, intense, or vigorous.

slalom :
any set of obstacles requiring someone to swerve in order to navigate a through course; a winding and zigzag ski course demarcated by poles that form gates and barriers around which the skier twists and turns. [v: giant slalom]

slam tan :
the pattern of tanned skin produced by extended outdoor exposure while wearing protective gear, such as a helmet and goggles, kneepads and wristbands, as exhibited by climbers and other extreme sportsmen ... this tan pattern becomes amusingly obvious when the individual changes attire, or is naked.

slant :
to veer obliquely or angle away from a given level or line, as to fall to one side from the perpendicular; being a diagonal athwart the slope, as derived from "stagger".

slats / boards :
slang for skis.

SLCD :
spring loaded camming device (eg: "Friend" by Ray Jardine) used for anchor points in rock cracks.

sled :
a small platform mounted on runners used as a vehicle for cargo or passengers when traveling over snow or ice; also called a "sleigh" or "sledge". [v: slipe, toboggan] [nb: as a safeguard when traveling alone, a musher will drag a trawl or lifeline after the sled so as to avoid being abandoned on the trail in case of accident; the dead-man's throttle cutoff switch on a snowmobile obviates this precaution]

sledge :
a vehicle mounted on runners and typically drawn by draft animals, that's used for conveying cargo and passengers over rough terrain, snow or ice; also called a "sled" or "sleigh". [v: slipe, toboggan] [nb: as a safeguard when traveling alone, a musher will drag a trawl or lifeline after the sled so as to avoid being abandoned on the trail in case of accident; the dead-man's throttle cutoff switch on a snowmobile obviates this precaution]

sleigh :
a light open vehicle mounted on runners that's typically drawn by draft animals, as used for conveying cargo and passengers over snow or ice; also called a "sled" or "sledge". [v: slipe, toboggan] [nb: as a safeguard when traveling alone, a musher will drag a trawl or lifeline after the sled so as to avoid being abandoned on the trail in case of accident; the dead-man's throttle cutoff switch on a snowmobile obviates this precaution]

slickenside :
a rock surface that has become more or less polished and striated by slippage along a fault plane.

slide knot :
a knot formed by making two half hitches on the standing part of the rope, the second hitch being next to the loop, which can then be tightened.

sling / sling-eye :
a short strap, band, or the like, forming a loop of various lengths by which something may be suspended or carried. Also, a length of nylon webbing which is either sewn or tied into a loop and is used in conjunction with the rope and anchors to provide protection; also called a 'runner'. Also, a rope, chain, net, or the like used for hoisting cargo, or for holding it while it's being hoisted.

sling ladder / sling stepladder :
see etrier.

slipknot / slip knot :
a knot that slips easily along the cord or line around which it is made; a knot that allows the rope or cord around which it is tied to slip easily, as for adjustment or constriction.

slip lasting :
the method of footwear construction wherein the upper is sewn into a sock, then slipped onto the last (foot form) for attachment to the sole; a slip lasted shoe does not normally have an insole, deriving its stiffness from the midsole, so is less rigid than a board lasted shoe, giving the wearer greater sensitivity to the terrain underfoot.

slipnoose / slip noose :
a noose with a knot that slides along the rope, thus forming a noose that tightens as the rope is pulled.

slippery slope :
a dangerous and irreversible course, being figurative usage for the literally unstable and uncertain slope from which there is no recovery.

slope :
an inclined angle or direction along a vertical or horizontal plane, being an upward or downward deviation from the horizontal or vertical; as distinguished from an oblique slant.

sloper :
slang for a friction handhold with very little positive surface.

slopes :
the hills, foothills, or bluffs of a mountain or mountain range.

slot :
a narrow gap or defile caused by drainage or erosion.

slot canyon :
a long narrow ravine with steep sides that was formed by erosion and is the watercourse for an intermittent stream; vulnerable to flash flooding, it can be a longitudinal deathtrap for hikers and climbers. Found predominantly in areas of low rainfall, slot canyons are significantly deeper than wide (1w by 30d), typically cut into sandstone or limestone, granite or basalt.

slurry :
a thin mixture of an insoluble substance suspended in a liquid.

slush :
partly melted snow. Also, liquid mud; watery mire. Also, waste or refuse, especially from cooking. Also, a mixture of grease and other materials used for lubrication.

smear / smearing :
a climbing technique that utilizes friction to secure stable movement by maximizing body contact with the rock surface in the absence of any useful footholds or handholds. Also, the soft pulpy residue that's deposited on the valley floor when a free climber misses his hold, or when faulty gear conspires to defeat an otherwise cautious climber, or when nature itself, abetted by poor technique, succumbs to gravity, rendering another intrepid mountaineer into a jam of unappetizing glop!

snake :
to move or maneuver in a circuitous manner, as by twisting, turning, or winding. Also, to draw or drag something, as by a rope or cable.

snap hook :
a small utility coupling device of metal or thermoplastic with a spring-loaded gate, which is typically non-locking and not intended for load-bearing stresses.

snap-link / snaplink :
informal referent for biner / carabiner, due to its automatically closing spring-loaded gate ... typically a non-locking hinged metallic oval.

snarg :
slang for a type of tubular ice screw that's inserted by hammering.

snatch block :
a block that can be opened on one side, allowing it to be placed on a line that's already in use; a block that can be opened to receive the bight of a rope at any point along its length.

snow banner :
a panel-like spray of snow being blown off a mountaintop.

snow blindness :
an impairment of vision, typically temporary, marked by topical grittiness and reduced acuity, photophobia with a reddish tinge to perception, which painful malady is caused by exposure to extremely high-intensity light, such as that reflected off of a snow field under a bright sun; this inflammation, which temporarily dims or distorts eyesight, is properly known as 'keratitis'. [cf: erythropia/erythropsia, iritis, conjunctivitis]

snowblink :
a white luminosity on the underside of clouds that's caused by the reflection of light from a snow surface; also called "blink", as derived from 'blink' meaning gleam, twinkle, glitter, or shine.

snow boat :
informal referent for a boat-like rescue sled, typically made of aluminum.

snowbound :
shut in or immobilized by snow, as in a storm or accumulation.

snow-broth :
melted snow. Also, a mixture of snow and water; any ice-cold liquid slurry.

snow bunny / ski bunny :
a beginner (on the "bunny slope"), especially a child or a female.

snow cave :
an opening formed in or made of perpetual or seasonal snow, sometimes fabricated for survival.

snow cover :
a layer of snow on the ground. Also, the amount of an area that is covered by snow, usually given as a percentage of the total area. Also, the depth of snow on the ground.

snow devil :
a small whirlwind made visible by the loose snow and ice it picks up while advancing, being transient, though a not uncommon occurrence in certain topographies.

snowdrift :
a mound or heap of snow driven together by the wind; also called "snowbank". Also, snow driven before the wind.

snowfield :
a large and relatively permanent expanse of snow.

snow flea :
(hypogastrura nivicola) a species of dark blue springtail, resembling pepper or ashes sprinkled on the snow, especially near foliage, since they live in soil, in mosses, or in leaf litter, feeding on decaying organic matter, bacteria, fungi, algae, pollen, and rotifers; they are sometimes found on or near ponds, since they are small and light enough to walk on water. Although snow fleas lack wings, they can catapult themselves (like other springtails) by releasing two tail-like abdominal projections (furcula); passing from nymph in the spring through several moltings to attain adulthood by winter. [cf: ice flea; v: sand fly, sand flea]

snow fluke :
an angled aluminum plate that's attached to a coated metal cable, which acts as a deadman anchor when properly positioned and connected.

snow line :
the line beyond which there is perpetual snow and/or ice; also called the "permanent snow line". In the mountains, the altitude above which snow does not melt during summer, and below which snow extends during winter. Also, the latitudinal line marking the limit of the fall of snow at sea level. The location of the snow line is affected by the quantity of snowfall, the steepness of the slope upon which the snow rests, the exposure of an area to the sun and prevailing winds, the type and velocity of winds, and the presence or absence of large bodies of water.

snowmelt :
water from melting snow and ice, especially a quantity thereof.

snowmobile :
a motorized vehicle with one or a pair of revolving treads in the rear for propulsion and moveable skiis in the front for steering; any type of mechanical over the snow vehicle, as used by mountaineers. The first snowmobile was invented in 1920 from an automobile chassis that was fitted with tractor-treads and skis by Virgil D. White; another early snowmobile was the "Eliason motor toboggan". [nb: as a safeguard when traveling alone, a musher will drag a trawl or lifeline after the sled so as to avoid being abandoned on the trail in case of accident; the dead-man's throttle cutoff switch on a snowmobile obviates this precaution]

snowpack :
the accumulation of winter snowfall, especially in mountain or upland regions; the layer of snow on the ground. [nb: on the average, 10" of snowfall is equivalent to 1" of rain]

snow pellets :
frozen precipitation consisting of crisp, white, opaque ice particles, round or conical in shape (2-5mm), and usually of brief duration; also called "soft hail", "tapioca snow", or "graupel" (grain).

snowplow :
a skiing maneuver in which the skier pushes the heels of both skis outward so that they are far apart but with the tips touching, forming an arrowhead or chevron, and with the inside edges of both skis angled downward, as when decelerating or stopping on a downhill slope; also called "stem" or "wing".

snow ramp :
a ridge of snow build-up that's distinct from its surroundings and not attributable to the underlying terrain, as having been caused by temperature and pressure effects; such a configuration may be enhanced and augmented so as to serve as a launch platform for ski jumping.

Snow Ranger :
an expert skier and mountaineer who's employed by the U.S. Forest Service to advise, protect, and regulate the civilian skiers on National Forest lands, and to guard their safety by posting warnings and eliminating hazards (eg: avalanches, cornices, etc).

snowscape :
a landscape covered with snow; the appearance of an area that's completely snow covered.

snowshoe :
basket-like footgear that's worn when walking on deep snow to prevent sinking (ie: postholing); constructed of a lightweight (eg: wood, metal, plastic) frame ranging from one- to six-feet in length in various shapes (eg: round, oval, triangular, oblong) that's strung with a tough openwork mesh and attached at a central crossbar. [nb: the snowshoe and ski, known from cave drawings to exist before 6000BC, antedates the invention of the wheel (ca3500BC)]

snowshoe binding :
originally, a leather strap buckled over the toe of a rugged outdoor boot that was augmented by a leather heel lashing so as to prevent separation of the boot from the toe housing; this arrangement could accommodate various sized protective cold weather boots, including shoepacs and mukluks. More modern housings have imitated the innovations employed on cross-country (Nordic) ski bindings.

snowslide :
an avalanche consisting largely or entirely of snow; also called "snow-slip".

SNS :
Salomon Nordic System, a cross-country (Nordic) ski binding that's similar to NNN, except it has one large ridge and the toe bar is shorter; there are three variations: SNS Profil (one large central ridge extending backwards from the toe latch with one metal bar on the boot toe), SNS Pilot (one large central ridge extending backwards from the toe latch with two metal bars on the boot toe for better stabilization), and SNS-BC or SNS X-Adventure (stronger design used for back country skiing). SNS is marketed by Amer Sports under their Salomon and Atomic brands. The predecessor was simply called Salomon Nordic System (SNS), and consisted of a "U-shaped" metal bar protruding from the front of the ski boot.

snub :
to suddenly stop a moving rope by cinching it up against a solid object; to abruptly check the paying-out of a running line by making it fast to a fixed point.

soft hail :
see snow pellets.

software :
all of the non-metallic items, from ropes and webbing to gloves and protective clothing, used in rock climbing and field trekking; as opposed to "hardware" (eg: carabiners, descenders, bolts, pitons, etc).

solar constant :
the average rate at which the earth receives radiant energy from the sun, equal to 1.94 small calories per minute per square centimeter of area perpendicular to the sun's rays, which is measured at a point outside the earth's atmosphere when the earth is at its mean distance from the sun.

solar cycle :
the variation of sunspots, prominences, flares, and other solar activity through an eleven-year cycle; also called solar activity cycle.

solar day :
in conventional instances, the period of time from sunrise to sunset; but scientifically, the time interval between two successive transits by the sun of the meridian directly opposite that of the observer, being the 24-hour interval from one midnight to the next or following midnight.

solar fogbow :
a bow or arc of white or yellowish hue seen in atmospheric refraction.

solifluction :
meaning "soil flow", being the deformation and shifting of the ground from long term stresses; commonly known as "creep".

solo climbing :
climbing alone, or by oneself; setting and cleaning one's own protection on a solitary ascent up a route.

solution hole :
a depression in the earth's surface that's caused by the dissolving of substrate, which is primarily composed of calcium carbonate.

SOS :
the international abbreviation for "Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls", usually broadcast over radio or telegraph in morse code, as a distress call for rescue. Also, abbreviation for "Safety On Skis", a program promoted by the National Ski Patrol.

soup bowl :
slang for helmet (qv).

sous-sherpa :
European or Western designation of an assistant Sherpa (qv).

southern lights :
(aka: aurora australis, southern aurora) see aurora.

spa :
a warm water or hot water mineral spring, especially one used to restore a person's health. Also, the locality wherein such mineral springs exist, often developed as a resort hotel; a toponym after the famous health spa situated in the province southeast of Liège Belgium since the Roman Empire. Also, a hot tub used for warm-water hydromassage therapy, usually by more than one person.

spaghetti :
any thin cord, line, or rope, such as para-cord; derived from 'twine' ("spago"), originally a long threaded lichen. Also, any disorderly or untidy condition, such as tangled rope, imitative of cooked noodles.

SPAM® :
trademark for a canned loaf of chopped and compressed pork shoulder with ham that's pre-cooked for either hot or cold consumption; originating in 1936 as "spiced ham", then renamed in 1937 as SPAM. Hormel was the first manufacturer to produce canned hams ["Flavor-Sealed Ham" (1926)] but since it required refrigeration, SPAM was developed to extend shelf-life and to use more of the discarded meat. Named as the result of a contest (won by Ken Daigneau), SPAM is a portmanteau word derived from "SPiced hAM"; its name has also been interpreted as an abbreviation of "Specially Processed American Meat" or "Shoulders of Pork And haM" ... some WWII soldiers referred to SPAM as "SPecial Army Meat", "ham that didn't pass its physical", and "meat loaf without basic training". Distributed to British and Russian allies under the Lend-Lease Act, with surpluses issued to Asians, GIs were sometimes obliged to eat it at all three meals each day, nonetheless SPAM remains popular worldwide as an inexpensive but nourishing food. Since its inception, this so-called "miracle meat" or "poor people food" is now offered in several different versions, including: Classic, Spread, Garlic, Black Pepper, Jalapeno, Hot & Spicy (Tabasco flavor), Hickory Smoke, with Bacon, with Cheese, with Honey, Less Sodium, Lite (pork shoulder, ham, and mechanically separated chicken), and Oven Roasted Turkey.

Spandex® :
proprietary name of a fabric with elastic properties that's made with polyurethane fibers for tight-fitting sports clothing; derived as an anagram of 'expands', and also brand named Lycra®.

specter of the Brocken / Brocken specter :
an optical illusion that was first observed on the Brocken (the highest peak of the Hartz range in central Germany) in which shadows of the spectators, greatly magnified, were projected on the mists around the summit of the mountain opposite.

speel / speil :
to climb, ascend, or mount; as derived from Scottish.

spelaean / spelean :
pertaining to or inhabiting caves.

speleologist :
a person who studies and explores caves.

speleology / spelaeology :
the study and exploration of caves.

speleothem :
any secondary mineral deposit formed in a cave, commonly of calcite, aragonite, vaterite, or other secondary minerals, including stalactites and stalagmites of lava or ice; as derived from "cave deposit".

spelunk :
to explore caves as a hobby; originating as a back-formation from spelunker, spelunking.

spelunker :
a person who explores caves as a hobby.

spill :
an accidental throw or fall, especially while moving. Also, to scatter, strew, or disseminate in a disorderly manner. Also, to accidentally cause something to fall, or be made to wastefully shed some contents; to be released from or to escape containment. Also, to divulge information, often volubly. Also, a slender piece of wood (splinter) or of twisted paper that's used to ignite a candle or lamp.

spindrift :
snowflakes or ice crystals blown off the surface into the air by a gust or eddy. Also, snowflakes and ice crystals circulating in the air after being disturbed by an avalanche.

spine :
chine or arete / arête.

spire :
a tall, tapering, sharply pointed summit, peak, or other apex. Also, the highest point or summit.

splash cup :
an indentation, depression, or cavity in rock caused by dripping water. [v: conulite]

splattage :
slang for the flattening of copperheads into small cracks in the rock face. Also, slang for the pulverized remnant of a fallen climber.

splice :
to unite or reinforce rope by interweaving or darning strands with a marlinespike or awl. Also, the union, joint, or junction made by such woven interlacement.

split :
a crack or fissure caused by cleaving, fracturing, splitting, parting, or other separation.

sport climbing :
a form of technical climbing wherein gymnastic style, ability and strength, are emphasized more than exploration or exhilaration; where self-reliance and the inherent dangers of exposure are less significant than an elegant execution on well-protected routes with pre-placed bolted-in anchors ... such sport climbing lends itself well to competition.

sports bra :
in an anodyne response to women complaining about breast pain and discomfort when engaged in exercise or sports, a Vermont physician recommended "a jockstrap for their breasts", which offhand comment inspired a couple of women to sew some jockstraps together as an experiment in 1975 ... sports medicine scientists have been studying the problem ever since. Contrary to popular opinion and conventional wisdom, breast compression (which only inhibits one axis of movement) is not as successful as encapsulation (which inhibits three axes of movement), wherein the seamless breast cups are undergirded by a strong elastic bellyband and supported by a crossover harness or back panel. Now available in degrees of support, from mild to maximal, depending upon level of activity, and it's been found that breathing is neither impaired nor constricted by any level of support ... some brassiere cups are reinforced so as to protect the breasts during contact sports and combatives. [nb: some female athletes have been wearing a sports bra as their sole top cover since the 1990s with either bike shorts or yoga pants as their bottom cover]

spotting :
a term borrowed from gymnastics, wherein an aide or associate prevents a colleague from landing awkwardly or falling off a perch and injuring themselves; an alternative to belaying when bouldering.

sprag :
a pole attached to the rear of a sled or sledge, like the sweep on a flat-bottomed boat, wherein it acts as a brace against rolling downhill. Also, slang for a hand position where the splayed fingers and thumb are opposed.

spur :
a ridge or line of elevation projecting from or subordinate to the main body of a mountain or mountain range; a rock or snow rib on the side of a mountain; a distinctive topographic terrain feature that extends or projects. Also, something that sharply projects, resembling or suggesting a spike or gaff.

Spylon® :
proprietary name of a nylon fabric that's breathable and extremely wear resistant.

squall :
a sudden violent wind, often accompanied by rain, snow, or sleet; as derived from "shriek".

square knot :
a common knot, wherein the ends cross in different directions, coming out alongside the standing parts, which allows the bights to tighten, producing a secure knot that's used for tying things down; also called "reef knot" or "flat knot".

squeeze :
a colloquialism for a small or narrow opening that's passable with effort. Also, to wriggle or push through a small or narrow passage.

SRT :
abbreviation for Single Rope Technique, as used when abseiling and prusiking.

SRTM :
Shuttle Radar Topography Maping; a space-based mission in February 2000 that utilized Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) data to survey most of the earth's surface. The findings were conformed and error checked, with the finish protocols designed to detect artifacts and voids, to fill minor omissions by interpolation, to verify cell consanguinity for image continuity, and to standardize uniform variables, generating the most accurate global survey to date. Among the unclassified public domain digital data products is the Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) catalogue, which has been made available from the USGS's National Center for Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS).

STABO :
a full-body rappel or extraction harness integral with web gear for infantry operations, consisting of D-/V-rings at each shoulder strap for eye-linkage, quick attach/release leg loops, and descender attachment on the waist belt. The STABO system was also compatible with "Hot Hoist" and "Skyhook" extractions. Invented at the MACV Recondo School by MAJ Robert L. Stevens, CPT John D.H. Knabb, and SFC Clifford L. Roberts in 1968 to remedy the defects of the McGuire rig. The STABO name includes parts of the surnames of its inventors (STevens, knABb, rOberts), but is officially known as "STAbilized Body Operations" harness. It has been erroneously identified as "Stabilized Tactical AirBorne Operations" harness. STABO was superseded by Fast Rope Insertion/Extraction System (FRIES) after the Vietnam War.

stage :
a division of stratified rocks corresponding to a single geologic age.

stalactite :
a deposit (usually of calcium carbonate) shaped like an icicle by the dripping of percolating calcareous water that hangs from the roof of a cave or the like; as derived from "dripping" (stalakt).

stalagmite :
a deposit (usually of calcium carbonate) resembling a cone or spire shaped by the dripping of percolating calcareous water that forms on the floor of a cave or the like.

stance :
a secure place between pitches at which the climbing leader can rest and belay his second climber, or vice versa, as long as well anchored. Also, a well balanced posture taken at (or on) a secure position.

standing-end :
the stationary, fixed, static, or nonworking end of the rope or line; also called "standing part", as opposed to running-end.

Starved Rock :
a 140ft cliff in northern Illinois, between La Salle and Ottawa, overlooking the Illinois River; a national historic landmark commemorating the 18th century death (by thirst and starvation) of a band of Illinois indians at the hands of Ottawa warriors; situated in a state park (established 1921) where the caves and canyons were frequented by outlaws seeking refuge.

stash :
to put things away for safekeeping; a hiding place where things are concealed, as for storage.

static climbing :
a stolid technique wherein slow but steady controlled movement and three-point suspension is the rule; a method of ascent of a steep slope or cliff that's less than one rope length in height, where the belayer is always situated above (toproping) the climber ... as opposed to rapid dynamic motion.

static rope :
designed not to stretch significantly when loaded, so used for training, toproping, abseiling, and hauling; as opposed to dynamic rope.

steam fog :
fog formed when water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor's source, most commonly when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water. No matter what the nature of the vapor source, the water vapor, upon becoming mixed with and cooled by the cold air, rapidly condenses. It should be noted that although advection of air is necessary to produce steam fog, it differs greatly from an advection fog in the usual sense, which is caused by warm, moist air moving over a cold surface. Steam fog is commonly observed over lakes and streams on cold autumn mornings as well as in polar regions. It is sometimes confused with ice fog, but its particles are entirely liquid. Steam fog is also called "arctic/antarctic smoke", "frost smoke", "sea smoke", "arctic/antarctic sea smoke", "stream smoke", "water smoke", "sea mist", and "steam mist".

steep :
a declivity or acclivity with a relatively high gradient, slope or pitch, as an ascent or hill; extremely high or lofty as a result of having an almost vertical slope.

stem :
a method used to maneuver in a chimney or cleft by extending the arms and legs from the torso, so as to ascend or descend by friction exerted by bodily pressure as a span; also called "bridge" or "layback". Also, the simultaneous use of two widely spaced footholds; to bridge the distance between two holds with one's separated feet, as to push against adjacent or opposing walls with the feet. Also, climbing using two faces that are at an angle of less than 180° to each other. Also, to check or restrain the forward motion of skis by spreading the heels, often as a preliminary to turning or stopping; also known as "wing" or "snowplow". Also, to stop, halt, check, hold, restrain, or stanch; as a belay.

stem christie / stem christy :
a skiing turn in which the skier, traversing across the slope with skis parallel, spreads the ends of the skis (forming a snowplow) with the skier's weight on the downhill ski, then at the point of the turn, transfers his weight to the uphill ski (pointing downhill), and follows through with the completed turn by picking up the unweighted ski on the inside of the turn and placing it alongside the weighted ski so that the skis are again parallel; the snowplow slightly slows the action before the turn, and the transfer of weight tends to make the skis skid slightly during the turn.

stemflow :
rainwater or snowmelt that runs along the stems, branches, and trunks of plants to reach the ground.

stemple :
(forthcoming)

steptoe :
an isolated hill or mountain surrounded by lava.

step-turn :
an incremental method of changing direction on skis, especially while gliding downhill, which alteration is achieved by lifting the ski in the direction of the desired turn and placing it down on the slope so that it's no longer parallel with the other ski, then shifting the skier's weight to the ski pointed in the new direction and drawing the other ski alongside ... which slight adjustments continue to be made until the proper direction has been attained. This maneuver also works on relatively level terrain when cross-country touring on Nordic (X-C) skis.

Sterno® :
the trademarked brand name of a fuel made from denatured and jellied alcohol, being a flammable hydrocarbon jelly that's packaged in a small can for use as a portable heat source for cooking; this privately purchased convenience was a refinement (ca1900) of its predecessor, an alcohol burner called the "Sterno Inferno" (ca1893), as recommended for doughboys going overseas during WWI, and is also known generically as "canned heat".

stevedore's knot :
see stopper knot.

Sticht plate® :
a belay device consisting of a flat plate with a pair of slots; eponymously after its inventor Franz Sticht.

stick clip :
a device used in sport climbing to clip the first pre-positioned bolt when it has been positioned too uncomfortably high for the climber to initiate his ascent; specimens are commercially available, or may be improvised by attaching a stick to a quickdraw extender with a rubber band.

sticks :
slang for ski poles.

sticky boots :
slang for the specialty footwear developed for climbing that features an adhesive rubber-coating extending up the sides from the cleated sole; used as an aid to smearing and jamming.

stile :
a step or set of steps for scaling a fence, dike, wall, or other barrier.

stirrup / stirrup-line :
an eye, noose, ring, sling, or other loop fashioned at the end of a line or strap that's used for standing or when ascending; as derived from "ascending rope".

stocking cap :
a soft conical cap, knitted of wool, or a wool-like fleece alternative (eg: cashmere, alpaca, qiviut, Orlon, Acrilan, etc), in various colors, often with a tassel or pompom / pompon at the end, and worn with a turned-up cuff folded at the bottom, which is suitable for wear during cold or windy weather; also known as a "watch cap" when knitted in subdued colors. [v: Jeep cap; cf: balaclava]

Stokes litter :
a rigid wire-basket litter that can safely transport a properly secured patient either horizontally or vertically; devised in 1942 by the 10th Mountain Division as a field expedient stretcher for evacuating injured persons during winter weather conditions by using chicken wire and a mummy-style sleeping bag; it's also called Stokes rescue basket, basket litter, basket stretcher, alpine litter, and rescue sled. [nb: the 'Stokes' eponym is properly spelled without the possessive apostrophe]

stone :
a piece of rock, being of a particular size or shape, composition or characteristic. Also, one of various units of weight, especially the British unit equivalent to 14 pounds. Also, a gravestone or tombstone, as a cenotaph for an imprudent climber.

stone bruise :
a bruise on the sole of the foot that's caused by walking on or striking against a small stone or other hard object. Also, any bruise (eg: livedo) or contusion resulting from hard impact with a rock that produces a hematoma without breaking or rupturing the skin.

stone louse :
(petrophaga anoplura) a small, flat, wingless, gray, rock-eating insect that reproduces asexually and is covered by a mineralized chitinous shell, enabling it to withstand extremes of temperature and pressure, making it impervious to anaerobic or phytotoxic conditions, albeit detectible by its telltale excretions, a sandy scat. It was first discovered in Scandinavia (steinlaus) where scientists proposed it as the ontogenic source of potholes and wells, vents and fjords, calling the theory of diastrophism into question ... this lousy hypothesis has inspired British scientists to speculate on the gnawing of the stone louse being equally responsible for the Pillars of Hercules. Some American geologists believe the Grand Canyon and Carlsbad Caverns are the work of the stone louse, while Russian commissars are panicking over Lake Baikal being outletted by a tributary, since Canadian scientists have lately proclaimed that the Saint Lawrence flows from Lake Ontario by the persistent munching of this globetrotting grayback. Now that German politicians are attributing the fall of the Berlin Wall to the depredations of the insidious stone louse, ecologists around the world are reconsidering the rationale for the propagation of deserts, wondering if the explications of erosion and tectonics aren't too simplistic ... and rock climbers worry about this shrinkage lessening conspicuous elevations. [cf: 1983 German medical encyclopedia entry (Pschyrembel Klinisches Wörterbuch)]

stopper / stopper knot :
a knot that's used to form a lump in a line so as to prevent it from passing through a grommet or hole, an eye or any other open device through which it's threaded; also called "stevedore's knot". Also, a wedge-shaped nut; a squarish metal swage of varying sizes attached to a loop of flexible wire, which is fitted into cracks and depressions in the rock to provide protection for an ascending climber.

storm :
a disturbance of normal atmospheric conditions that manifests itself by strong or heavy winds, and often accompanied by rain, thunder and lightning, snow, hail, or sleet. Alternatively, either an instance of heavy precipitation (eg: rainstorm, snowstorm) unaccompanied by strong winds, or a sudden and violent wind (ie: windstorm) alone. [nb: on the average, 10" of snowfall is equivalent to 1" of rain]

storm warning :
a showing of storm signals subsequent to an alert notification of severe winds and threatening weather, especially cyclonic conditions [nb: Tropical Depression: 20-34 kts/23-39 smph; Tropical Storm: 35-64 kts/40-73 smph; Hurricane: 65+ kts/74+ smph]. [nb: due to axial tilt during earth's rotation, the hemispheric seasons are not the same length, with the southern summer / northern winter being the shortest season, and northern summer / southern winter being the longest]

straps :
the safety straps (of rubber, leather, nylon cord, and so forth) that are hooked, snapped, tied, or interlaced (often loosely) between the ski boot and its ski, so that this connection may prevent a runaway ski after a fall that releases the binding; this sensible precaution is required at some downhill (Alpine) resorts, especially those served by chair lifts, but this is no guarantee that a bad spill will not detach one or both skis.

stratigraphy :
a branch of geology dealing with the classification, nomenclature, correlation, and interpretation of stratified rocks.

stratum / strata :
a single bed of sedimentary rock, generally consisting of one kind of matter representing continuous deposition; term derived from "spread" or "strew". Also, a layer of natural or artificial material, often formed in levels, one upon another.

stria :
any of a series of parallel lines, as a slight or narrow furrow, ridge, stripe, or streak, on glaciated rock surfaces or the faces of crystalline structures.

Strobel construction :
a variant method of slip lasting for footwear wherein the upper is stitched to a light flexible insole that's often made of a canvas-like material.

stuff-sack / stuff sack :
a waterproof bag intended for stowing a sleeping bag, but widely used for other utilitarian storage; also called 'bivy', "bivy bag", or "dry sack".

stull :
a timber prop, wedged in place between two walls of a stope as part of a protective covering or platform.

stumbling block :
an obstacle or hindrance to progress, literal or figurative, physical or mental, actual or hypothetical.

stupa :
a monumental pile of earth or other material, as a sacred marker commemorating a person or event.

subapical :
located below the apex. [cf: penultimate]

subfossil :
a partially fossilized organism that's less than typical (paleolithic) age.

subluxate / subluxation :
a partial dislocation, as of a joint; sprain.

submontane :
under or beneath a mountain. Also, belonging or pertaining to the lower slopes of mountains.

sub-zero :
a reading below zero on a temperature scale, especially Fahrenheit, as an indication of severe cold or freezing. Also, characteristic of or appropriate for the potentially harmful conditions of such a sub-zero climate.

suicide pact :
being roped together on a safety line without a set anchor; because if one end of the safety rope is not secured to fixed protection, then this arrangement is not safer but more dangerous, making everyone vulnerable to the accident or failure of a single member of the party.

summit :
the highest point or part of a hill; the top of a mountain; the apex, vertex, pinnacle, mountaintop, peak, or zenith ... being the climactic raison d'état of climbing, as opposed to mere exploration.

sunbow :
an arc of prismatic colors, like a rainbow, appearing in the spray of waterfalls and cataracts, fountains and the like.

sundog :
a bright circular spot on a solar halo; a mock sun: usually one of two or more such spots seen on opposite sides of the sun, and often accompanied by additional luminous arcs and bands; derived by alteration of "beside the sun", also called "parhelion". Also, a small or incomplete rainbow.

sunglow :
a diffuse, hazy light seen around the sun, caused by atmospheric dust.

sunn :
an East Indian shrub (crotalaria juncea) of the legume family which has an inner bark that yields a hemp-like fiber used for making ropes, sacking, and other products; also called "sunn hemp", "Bombay hemp", and "Madras hemp".

sun pillar :
a halo phenomenon in which a vertical streak of light appears above and below the sun; believed to be caused by the reflection of sunlight by ice crystals with vertical axes.

sun shower :
rain that falls while the sun continues to shine; also called "liquid sunshine".

sunspot :
one of the relatively dark patches that appear periodically on the surface of the sun and affect terrestrial magnetism and certain other terrestrial phenomena.

sunspot cycle :
a cycle wherein the frequency of sunspots varies from a maximum to a minimum and back to a maximum of occurrence within an average duration of slightly more than eleven years.

Sun Valley sled :
a wooden rescue toboggan surmounted by a Stokes basket litter.

surcingle :
a belt, band, girdle, or girth passing around the body of a horse to bind fast a saddle or pack to the horse's back. Also, the belt or tie for a robe; the cincture of a cassock.

surgeon's knot :
a knot resembling a square or reef knot that's used by medicos for tying ligatures and the like; a secure nonslipping knot that adds an additional turn before tightening with the crossover.

survival :
to endure under adverse conditions by mental and physical determination. [v: Rules for Survival]

survival candle :
a molded piece of tallow or wax with an embedded wick , usually supplemented with the addition of resin or oil so as to protract its burning time; available in various compact sizes for ready portability or storage, and suitable for emergency light or heat ... may be flaked to augment tinder as a fire starter, or combined to warm food and liquids.

swale :
a low area or depression in a tract of land that usually collects or retains water; also called "slack" or "sink".

swallow :
informal reference to a well-like depression, which shaft or chamber is typically caused by water erosion.

Swami® belt :
a waist band used to construct a boatswain's seat, or to assemble a harness by the addition of leg loops, but also used as a gear sling; it's a product brand name that's used generically ... this prototype climbing harness could be improvised from extra-wide (2"-3") webbing strap tied with a water knot. [cf: cummerbund]

sweat suit :
a physical training ensemble consisting of a loose shirt and pants of a moisture absorbent material, cushion-insole socks, and hightech running shoes (eg: trainers, cross-trainers, joggers, sneakers, tenny runners, court shoes); also called a "track suit", this outfit is often emblazoned with silk-screened crests or logos, brand names or affiliation names, and is banded at the wrists, ankles, collar, hem, and waist so as to maintain relative fit during workouts.

sweep :
the last run of the day by the Ski Patrol to ensure that the control areas are clear of all skiers before closing the slopes, runs, and trails for the night.

swinging-layback / swinging-lieback :
a dynamic version of the incremental layback / lieback wherein the climber rotates off one foot while maintaining a grip with the hand on the same side, then grabbing a higher handhold at the deadpoint of the swing; this maneuver is frequently reversible, unlike some more aerial dynos.

Swiss seat :
(forthcoming)

switchback :
a route or path that reverses direction in order to ascend (or descend) a steep grade by lesser increments of traverse; the hairpin or zigzag track so used to progress (or regress) in elevation; a deliberate diminution in the acute angle of approach.

synclinal :
pertaining to or composed of rock strata of a structure or fold that slants downward from opposite directions so as to meet in a common point or line, or that slopes upward on both sides from a median line or central axis; dipping in both or opposite directions.

syncline :
rock strata that slants in both or opposite directions; originating as a back-formation from synclinal.

Synergy Liner® :
proprietary name of a high-tech, triple-layer laminate from 3M that consists of synthetic microfiber insulation sandwiched between a waterproof breathable membrane and a hydrophobic three-bar wicking knit, which protects against cold and wet without being heavy or bulky.

tableland :
a mesa or plateau.

tack :
a course of action, especially one differing from some preceding course, or from some other direction. Also, one of the movements of a zigzag course or route on land. Also, to secure by some slight or temporary fastening, as when joining things together, or when attaching something supplementary, as "tacking on the appended items".

tackle :
any specialized apparatus, equipment, or gear, including rigging. Also, a leverage system of pulleys, as a hoisting "block and tackle".

tailing :
the residue of any product, as in mining; leavings, tailings. Also, gravel or aggregate of a size that fails to pass through a given screen. Also, the projecting part of a stone inserted in a wall; tailed.

tailings :
the residue of any product, as in mining; leavings. Also, gravel or aggregate of a size that fails to pass through a given screen.

take up the slack :
literally, to make a loose section of a rope or other line taut, tight, or tense by gathering the excess; and figuratively, to supplement or compensate for something inadequate or incomplete by providing its lack.

talus :
an unstable, fan-shaped slope; a steeply sloping mass of loose rocky fragments accumulated at the base of a cliff, crag, or hill.

tapioca snow :
see snow pellets.

Tarbuck knot :
a non-jamming running knot with relatively good grip that was developed by Kenneth Tarbuck to enable multiple strand laid ropes to slightly slip or gradually slide when suddenly subjected to the shock of heavy loads; this protective feature was made obsolete by the advent of nylon kernmantle ropes.

tarn :
a small mountain lake, pond, or pool, especially one situated in a cirque.

tarp :
informal designation of TARPaulin, as derived by shortening; refers to a sheet of waterproofed canvas or other material used as a protective covering for objects exposed to the weather.

taut :
anything drawn tightly or tensely; not slack. Also, in good order or condition; neat and tidy, trim and shipshape.

taut-line hitch :
an adjustable friction loop knot for use on lines under tension; it's useful for when the length of a line will need to be periodically adjusted in order to maintain tension without retying the knot; tension is maintained by sliding the hitch to adjust the size of the loop, thus changing the effective length of the standing part without retying the knot. When tied with stiff or slick rope (eg: polypropylene), this knot tends to slip; furthermore, if finished with a half hitch tied in the opposite direction, this (magnus) knot is less likely to twist under a load; also known as tent-line hitch, rigger's hitch, adjustable / adjustable grip hitch, and midshipman's hitch.

T-bar lift :
a T-shaped device that's designed to carry two skiers at a time up a slope by positioning them on the horizontal bar to each side of the vertical bar that's suspended from a motor-driven overhead cable. [nb: to suddenly release (snapping-off) the poma disk or T-bar lift when dismounting at the top of the hill is not only discourteous, but could endanger anyone standing nearby or following, as the erratically swinging device moves unpredictably after departure]

tea-bagging / teabagging :
a belayer suspended in midair from inserted protection by the counterbalance of a climber who has fallen with enough force to lift the belayer off of his perch, like a tea bag on a string.

technical climbing :
rock climbing involving a rope and some means of protection ... as opposed to scrambling or free climbing or glacier travel.

telemark :
a skier's turn in which the tip of the forward ski is gradually angled inward, being a technique that combines elements of Alpine and Nordic skiing; so-called after a county in Norway. [nb: telemark skiing demonstrated by Sondre Norheim (ca1866)]

telpherage :
a transportation system in which cars or similar carriers are suspended from wire cables and run from station to station, especially by electrical operation.

tension / tension climbing :
a method of maintaining balance during an ascent using a taut rope through a point of protection; a method of ascent wherein the climber maintains contact with the rock slope by tension exerted on the climbing rope by the belayer.

tephra :
clastic volcanic material (eg: scoria, dust, etc) that's ejected during an eruption; as derived from "ashes".

terminal moraine :
detritus deposited at the farthest extent of an encroaching glacier; a mass of unstratified drift marking the farthest advance of a glacier or ice sheet.

terrane :
a distinctive geologic formation, or group of rocks, or the area in which such features occur; derived as a spelling variant of 'terrain'.

tether :
a rope or other attachment serving as a retainer or restraint; a fastening or connection. Also, the utmost length or extent of action, ability, or resources.

thaw wind :
a raw and piercing wind that's saturated with moisture scarcely above freezing point, and is therefore more uncomfortable and penetrating than one colder or drier; it's so-called a "Robin Hood wind"for being unbearably punishing to outdoorsmen, who can endure most other conditions.

thermae :
a natural hot spring; a public hot bathing establishment of the ancient Greeks or Romans.

thimble :
a metal ring with a concave groove on the outside, used to line the outside of a ring of rope to prevent chafing.

Thinsulate® :
proprietary name of a lightweight synthetic microfiber insulation from 3M that's resilient and durable.

3 C's / Three C's :
a program by which skiers can improve their outdoor experience: Courtesy, Control, and Conditioning, as advocated by the National Ski Patrol.

3-pin binding :
see rattrap. [v: 4-pin binding]

throughfall :
precipitation that falls directly to the ground, passing through spaces in the canopy or dripping through the foliage onto the ground.

through traveler :
a trekker or climber who undertakes the accomplishment of a significant or substantial goal in a single effort, or a stint of continuous time and effort; probably a truncation of "through to the end" ... as opposed to flip-flop or sectional travel.

throw line :
a light cord or thin rope, with its trailing end weighted by a knot, that's used to cast across an intervening space or to toss between footholds for transferring larger cables; also known as a "messenger line" or "heaving line".

thrutching :
slang for exhibiting bad climbing technique, or "body climbing", as coined at Mount Arapiles.

tibloc :
a device that allows the rope to move in only one direction, which is intended to prevent the second climber from accidentally dislodging the leader in the event that the follower would slip.

till :
glacial drift consisting of an unsorted mixture of clay, sand, gravel, stones, and boulders. Also, a stiff clay. Also, to plow, harrow, or cultivate the soil for raising crops; as derived from "strive after".

timber hitch / timberhitch :
a knot made by taking a turn on a fixed object, wrapping the end around the standing part of the rope, then several times around itself.

timberline :
the altitude above sea level at which trees cease to grow, which demarcation varies depending upon soil condition, moisture, temperature, and winds; stunted and distorted growth is a precursor, while cessation is factored by geographical location.

time lamp :
an oil lamp originating in the 17th century that burns at a fixed or consistent rate, and has a reservoir graduated in units of time; a periodic or interval lamp.

tip roll / tip-roll :
a maneuver in which a skier simultaneously pivots on his ski poles and ski tips; a skiing stunt wherein a very agile skier rotates around both tips of his skis, together and parallel, after firmly planting his ski poles on the downhill side of the turn, so as to dramatically change the direction of traverse across the slope.

toboggan / tobogan / tarbogan :
a flat-bottomed sled, relatively long and narrow, with one or both ends curved upward, used for drawing or sliding across snow and ice; derived as corruptions of "to drag a sled by a cord" (odabagan). [v: slipe]

toehold :
a small indentation that only supports a portion of the climber's boot. Also used figuratively to mean any small advantage that enables significant progress to be made.

toe hooking :
see hook.

topo :
a sketch of a climbing route showing its line, bolt placements, belay stances, crux, and rating.

top of the world :
an expression representing the arctic region or the far north, including the Arctic Circle and North Pole; also known as the "end of the earth", and contrasted by the "bottom of the world". Also, an allusion to the highest mountains or to the most elevated mountain ranges.

topographic feature :
a prominent part, conspicuous characteristic, or distinctive mark that's representative of certain terrain or a given region.

topographic map :
a map showing topographic features, usually by means of contour lines.

topography :
the relief traits or surface configurations of a delimited area; the detailed mapping and description of a relatively defined area.

top-out :
completing a route by ascending over the top of the structure being climbed.

toprope / toproping :
to belay an ascent from a fixed anchor point above the climb; a static rope belayed along the leader's route that the other's in the party follow in due course.

tor :
a rocky pinnacle, as the bare peak of a mountain or hill, heap or pile; derived from 'rocky height' ["twr" (Welsh)].

touchstone :
a standard of measure or criterion for testing the qualities of a thing. Also, a black siliceous stone (schist, or Lapis Lydius) formerly used to test the purity of gold and silver by examining the color of the streak produced on it by rubbing it with either metal. ["Gold is tried by the touchstone, and men by gold." by Roger Bacon]

tour / touring :
to travel around from place to place; a sightseeing journey visiting a number of places, as in a group led by a guide. Also, a brief trip through a place in order to view or inspect it.

towline :
a LINE, ROPE, CABLE, HAWSER, or the like, by which anything is (or may be) drawn, hauled, or towed.

track suit :
see sweat suit.

traditional climbing / trad climbing :
an emphasis on the adventure and exploration of climbing using a rope, rack, and protection ... as opposed to sport climbing and free climbing.

trail angel :
someone who not only voluntarily monitors and maintains a portion of accessible countryside, but freely donates food and water to transient outdoorsmen passing through a particular sector.

trailhead :
the source, origin, or beginning of a route; situated at the front or start ... often where the pavement ends, where civilization meets wilderness.

trailing-end :
(forthcoming); also dragrope

trail magic :
potable water in sealed containers, long shelf-life packaged foodstuffs, and minor items of field gear (eg: antiseptics, bandages, moleskins, matches, bandanas, etc) which "goodies" are stowed in animal-proof containers, often near overnight shelters, for the use of any transient outdoorsmen passing through a particular sector.

trail marker :
a wooden or metal signpost, a blaze or cairn placed at intervals along a specific route for positive identification under less than ideal conditions, such as fog or storm, or when recent passage has been obliterated.

trail mix :
a high-energy snack, variously composed; properly called 'gorp', and improperly called 'Granola'. [nb: called "scroggin" in Australia] [nb: people living above 12,000ft altitude must consume 11% more nutriments to compensate for anoxia or hypoxia]

trail name :
a nickname or sobriquet bestowed upon a trekker or climbing companion during an outing, usually as a result of a faux pas or humorous incident; a designation that will haunt someone far and wide, regardless of any compensatory "good deeds". [v: alter ego]

tramming :
the process of cleaning protection and gear from a steep route while belayed on a toprope, often with the aid of a quickdraw extender.

tramontane :
pertaining, situated, or derived from "the other side of the mountains". Also, foreign (people, culture, winter wind, etc), as "beyond the mountains"; originally the Italian Alps. Also expressed as 'transmontane' or 'transalpine'.

tramway :
a crude railroad of wooden rails or of wooden rails capped with metal treads, as for primitive or temporary conveyance. Also, a system for carrying passengers and freight in vehicles suspended from and operating along overhead cables ... an aerial tramway.

trap / traprock :
any of various fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks having a more or less columnar structure resembling stairs, so-called from the stepped appearance of these outcrops.

traprock :
informal reference to any of various fine-grained, dark-colored igneous rocks, especially some form of basalt; derived as a variant of stair (trappa) from the stepped appearance of its outcrops. [nb: not a deadfall]

traverse / traversing :
to cross a slope at an angle or slant, as a diagonal route or an oblique course; to move laterally or horizontally across the fall line of a slope while ascending or descending. Also, a suitable place or point for crossing over snow, ice, or rock, as a pass or gap, ford or bridge. [v: hand traverse, pendulum traverse, Tyrolean traverse]

travertine / travertin :
a form of limestone deposited by springs, especially hot springs, as used for building.

travois :
a transport device consisting of two poles, joined by a frame, and drawn by an animal; from "travail", a framework for an unruly animal.

tray landscape :
that category [bontei] of miniature plants and small rocks that are arranged for display on a tray so as to inspire the viewer; including a landscape [suiseki] of water-polished stones, a sand painting [bonseki] of colorful grit and gravel, a diorama [bonkei] setup with small plants and other objects, or a small planting [saikei] of carefully pruned plants [bonsai].

trefoil knot :
a triple-lobed knot, such as the prolonge knot; a knot having a clover-like form.

trek / trekker / trekking :
walking a long distance in remote terrain; a slow and difficult expedition, being an arduous journey as an odyssey by a traveler; originating from "moving a load" during migration. Trekking (or hill walking) does not involve the use of any special climbing equipment, such as ropes or crampons.

tremendous :
that which is extraordinarily great in size, amount, or intensity, being something that inspires astonishment or awe; as derived from "to be shaken".

trench :
a deep ditch or furrow, especially one that's been excavated; as derived from "cut".

Triassic :
noting or pertaining to a geologic period of the Mesozoic Era, occurring from 230 million to 190 million years ago and characterized by the advent of dinosaurs and coniferous forests.

tri-cam :
a triplex piece of rock climbing protection.

'trier :
see etrier.

triple crown :
the three most significant hiking trails in America: the Appalachian Trail, the Pacific Crest Trail, and the Continental Divide Trail ... by an allusion to horse racing.

triple fisherman's bend / triple fisherman's knot :
see double fisherman's bend, barrel knot, blood knot, or grapevine knot.

trog :
slang for a caver or spelunker, by truncation of troglodyte.

trogging :
the systematic search of ground surfaces for cave entrances; also called "ground trogging".

truelove knot :
a complicated ornamental knot, especially a double knot having two interlacing bows, regarded as an emblem of 'true love' or interwoven affections.

tube :
a relatively smooth cave passage of nearly circular or elliptical cross-section, such as a lava tube.

tuck :
a crouching body position in skiing wherein the head is lowered and the legs are drawn up, so the thighs touch the chest, with the arms extended while holding the ski poles against the sides of the body; this aerodynamically compact posture is also called "egg" or "comma", and is used in downhill (Alpine) racing. [cf: diving, gymnastics]

tufa :
a porous, light yellow crystalline limestone, often exhibiting a spongy appearance, that's deposited in solution from spring or surface water. [eg: Mega Tufa Wall, Majorca (Spanish Balearic Islands)]

tuff :
a fragmental rock consisting of the smaller kinds of volcanic detritus, usually more or less stratified.

tumble / tumbling :
a skiing stunt wherein an upright acrobatic skier rolls forward, end over end with the fall line, landing first on the hands (or forearms) and then back up onto the feet ... sometimes executed in a ball-like tuck, but may also be performed in a full layout from a ski jump launch. Other than style, this maneuver serves no practical purpose.

tumpline :
a strap or sling passed across the forehead to help support a backpack; as derived from Algonquian usage.

tumulus :
an artificial mound raised over a grave or midden, as a barrow.

tunnel :
a nearly horizontal cave open to the surface at both ends, being fairly straight and uniform in cross-section, but not necessarily in sight of daylight. Also, a spacious cave passage that's fairly straight and uniform in cross-section, but not open to the surface.

Turk's head / Turk's head knot :
a large decorative knot, used to finish a special line or lanyard; sometimes called "Nigger head".

turn :
to pass or twist a rope entirely around an object; as derived from "round off" or "make circles". Also, a single circular or convoluted shape, as of a coiled or wound rope.

turnbuckle :
a rotating link or sleeve with internal screw-threads at each end, used to connect and tighten the ends of a cable or rod.

turquoise :
an opaque bluish-green or greenish-blue mineral (hydrous copper aluminum phosphate, often with trace iron) that's typically cut cabochon as a gemstone; purportedly protects its wearer against injury in a fall.

tweak :
slang for injure or afflict, offend or insult. Also, slang for anger or irritate; as derived from a sharp twisting pull or jerk.

twice-laid :
a line made from strands of used rope. Also, a line made from makeshift or used material.

twilight :
the period of diffused light at the beginning or end of the day when the sun is below the horizon; also called "gloaming" or "pink time". [v: nautical twilight, civil twilight, astronomical twilight]

twilight glow :
airglow observed at twilight.

twilight zone :
the part of a cave where daylight penetrates, gradually diminishing to black in the dark zone; usually situated near an entrance or exit.

twin rope / twin ropes :
best used on mountain routes because they are lighter than double ropes or half ropes.

twine :
(entwine)

Type-II Fun :
ironic (or sardonic) reference to the inordinate pleasure derived from pursuing a risky pastime, enduring its necessary travails and surviving its occasional mishaps; being the kind of enjoyment that non-participants consider abusive or punishing, if not clinically masochistic.

Tyrolean traverse / Tirolean traverse :
a line or cable suspended along a decline for use as a single-strand rope bridge that's negotiated using a pulley under the force of gravity; also known as Tyrolean crossing, zip-line, zip-wire, flat line traverse, aerial ropeslide, aerial runway, flying fox, foefie slide, death slide or slide-for-life. Used to conveniently transport equipment and supplies, specimens and personnel (especially when injured); and may be used in reverse when ascending an incline by a draw rope (guy or towline) or by other motive force. Originating as a method to resupply or evacuate mountain troops, it's now commonly used for outdoor recreation and vacation tourism ... as such, sometimes provided with a boatswain's chair, it is the minimalist version of the telpherage gondola or cable-car. [nb: some Tyrolean traverse setups use constriction or friction brakes, and safety is provided by net or secondary attachment; all Tyrolean traverse lines sag, with the sagging "belly" of the line almost always lower than the finish or terminus, so continuation beyond the sag requires either momentum or motivation] [nb: although steeplejacks have used ropes to haul materials and a ropeslide to descend from their work since the 18th century, this practice is more akin to rappelling than to the Tyrolean traverse]

UIAA :
Union des International Alpine Association; includes a rating system used in Europe.

UL :
abbreviation for ultralight, being a minimalistic approach to outdoor activities, especially lightweight gear and spare resources.

Ultima Thule :
the farthest point or the most extreme limit of any journey. Also, the greatest goal or highest degree attainable.

umbilical cord :
sardonic allusion to the line running down the rock face, from a hanging camp or bivvy to the deck or ground level, as used for resupply, communications, security, emergency evacuation, and the like.

umsprung :
a jump turn that's executed from a stationary position by planting both ski poles on the downhill side of an upright skier. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort]

unbend :
to loose or untie; to unfasten a connection. Also, to straighten from a bowed or bent posture; stand upright. Also, to relax; to remove strictures or constraints.

under a rock :
a metaphor representing any place of concealment, as for protection or banishment, especially a source of unexpected harm or unknown evil; as where Hercules buried the immortal head of the monstrous Hydra after chopping it off during his second mythological labor; also, where Galatea, the sea nymph, spied upon Polyphemus, the cyclopes, before finally taking refuge in the water from his passions; also, the only passage by which entry could be made to a spacious valley in the kingdom of Amhara, surrounded on every side by mountains, where the Abissinian princes were confined in a private palace to await their call to the throne; also, where the fiend is imprisoned low underneath the ground, far from the view of day: "And if thou ever happen that same way / To travel, go to see that dreadful place; / It is a hideous hollow cave (they say) / Under a rock that lies a little space, / From the swift Barry, tombling down apace / Amongst the woody hills of Dynevor; / But dare not thou, I charge, in any case, / To enter into that same baleful bower, / For fear the cruel fiends should thee unwares devour."

undercling :
an awkward or tenuous hold, such as an upside down hold, that often requires a layback move, or some other exceptional effort.

ungroomed :
a slope or trail that's been left in its natural state; untended, untidy, unstructured, unprepared, not made neat and accessible.

unhitch :
to unfasten or free from attachment; to be disconnected or uncoupled.

unitard :
a unisex leotard (qv) with full-length arms and legs, as worn during exercise, dance, gymnastics, and other sporting or performance renditions. [v: bodystocking]

unknot :
to untie, as if by undoing a knot. Also, to straighten out something tangled or confused.

untie / untied / untying :
to disassemble, disconnect, or untangle something (ie: cord, rope, webbing strap, etc), as a knotted interlacement. [nb: not "un-..."]

up rope :
the voice command shouted by a climber when requesting a tighter, more secure belay; sometimes truncated to just "Rope!"

U-shaped valley :
characterized by steep, straight sides and a flat bottom, which feature somewhat resembles an upright letter 'U' shape; also known as a glacial trough, it's formed by the process of glaciation wherein a glacier travels across and down a slope, carving the valley by the action of scouring.

vale :
valley; also the earthly world or mortal life, as "this vale of tears".

Velcro :
the tradename of a nylon fabric closure that consists of two complementary pieces of fastening tape, one with tiny hooks and the other with a dense pile, that interlock when pressed together, which is used as a substitute for buttons or snaps on garments, luggage, and the like; invented in 1948, Velcro is also called "hook 'n' loop fastener" and "hook 'n' pile fastener".

verglas :
a thin coating of ice covering all cracks and holds on the rock face making movement extremely treacherous; also called "glaze", "glazed ice", "frost", "silver frost", or "rime". [ety: French loanword literally meaning 'glass-ice']

vertex :
the highest point, apex. Also, the farthest or most extreme point, as the point farthest from the base; the intersection of three or more planes.

vertigo :
a disordered or bewildered condition in which one feels oneself, or one's surroundings, whirling about in an unstable manner; the dizzying sensation caused by this disorienting confusion, often associated with heights. [v: vertiginous]

vesicle :
a small, usually spherical cavity in a rock or mineral, formed by the expansion of a gas or vapor before the enclosing body solidified; derived from "little bladder".

vestibule :
the antechamber serving as a passage to the interior of a dwelling, such as a fly-covered portico at the entrance to a tent. Also, an enclosed passageway between separate segments or sectors of a construction. [v: forecourt]

V-grade :
a technical grading system for bouldering problems, which rating was invented by John Sherman.

via ferrata :
a protected mountain climbing route using fixed hardware, such as cables or ladders, for recurrent passages; term is known as "climbing step" (klettersteig) in German. First used in WWI to quickly and safely move infantrymen, they are now used to assist people of varied abilities and employing minimal equipment to negotiate passages that are regularly traveled, causing the least amount of damage to the terrain. Although the emplaced hardware makes the route safer and more secure than regular climbing, when accidents do occur, the climber typically suffers more or greater injuries due to a lack of secondary safeties. Like their topography, these installations are variously rated according to route difficulty or climber fitness. The harness worn while moving along these routes requires a Y-shaped anchor, alternately clipped as progress is made, and requiring carabiners rated for steep falls (marked with a circled-K symbol), which are operated one-handed. [ety: an Italian loanword literally meaning "iron way"]

Vibram :
the foremost manufacturer of lugged or cleated outer soles for hiking boots when trekking, and outsole extrusions for mountaineering boots when smearing or edging. [v: Montagna, Mulaz, Lavaredo, XS Grip, SuperTrek, etc]

vitamin A / vitamin A+ :
sardonic allusion to Advil®, or any ibuprofen product, especially in its "extra strength" dosage, being a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that's used for reducing local pain and swelling, as of the joints. [ety: ibuprofen: by contraction, rearrangement, and respelling of its chemical name isobutylpheny propionic acid (C13H18O2)]

vitamin M :
sardonic allusion to Motrin® tablet, or any ibuprofen product, being an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesic that's used for reducing local pain and swelling, as of the joints.

volcano :
a hill or mountain having a cup-like crater at its summit, which is formed around the vent in the earth's crust through which lava, ashes, steam and other gases are expelled into the atmosphere, either continuously or at irregular intervals.

vorlauf / vorlaufer :
to forerun the course of a scheduled race; a forerunning skier who shadows or skirts the course of a race so as to familiarize himself with the layout of the route, to study the snow conditions, and to estimate the time for completion. [ety: German loanword / lehnwort] [nb: it's illegal for a competitor to ski on the actual track of the forthcoming event]

votive candle / tealight :
a compact, unscented, long-burning candle, often screened from extinguishment by being housed in a translucent container, as for burning during prayer, but suitable for warming cookware or lighting a tent.

V-shaped valley :
characterized by steeply sloping sides and an insignificant bottom, as formed by the process of drainage erosion; which feature somewhat resembles an upright letter 'V' shape.

vug :
a small cavity in a rock or vein, often lined with crystals; as derived from "pit" or "cave".

wacke :
a poorly sorted sandstone containing fragments of rock and minerals in a clayey matrix, such as graywacke; derived from "pebble".

wadi :
the channel of a steep-sided watercourse that is dry except during periods of rainfall; a gulch or ravine.

Wag Bag® :
proprietary name of a go-anywhere plastic toilet kit consisting of a puncture resistant double-layered pouch containing a super absorbent medium (aka: "poo powder"), a sanitation catalyst, and a deodorizer that was developed for military field usage by CleanWaste (formerly Phillips Environmental); after use, this zip-closed human waste container can be deposited with other trash for daily (or periodic) disposal by burning ... each "toilet in a bag" waste kit includes toilet paper and a cleansing wipe.

walkabout :
the absence from work for the purpose of roaming or wandering, yondering or roving; to emulate a natural lifestyle that conforms only to necessity.

Matthew Walker :
a knot formed on the end of a rope that's made by partly unlaying the strands and tying them off; eponymously after the presumed inventor (1855) of the technique.

wall :
an extremely steep rock face or sheer unbroken vertical front (usually of 70° or more), with its ascent advanced by leads, sometimes extending over more than one day.

wall rock :
the rock forming the walls of a mineral vein.

wand :
a long bamboo pole or rod with a signal flag affixed at the top, as used for marking a safe path across glaciers and snowfields.

warm spring :
a thermal spring having a temperature of up to 98°F / 37°C, which water is usually heated by emanation from or passage near hot or molten rock.

washout :
the hole or break, as in an embankment from the loss of soil and gravel, caused by erosion from heavy rain. Also, slang for a person who has failed to complete a study course or training program.

watch cap :
a soft stocking-cap, knitted of wool, or a wool-like fleece alternative (eg: cashmere, alpaca, qiviut, Orlon, Acrilan, etc), in various subdued colors, and worn with a turned-up cuff folded at the bottom, that's suitable for wear during cold weather by military and paramilitary personnel. [cf: balaclava, biggin, coif, pileus/pîlos, calotte, skullcap]

water gap :
a transverse gap in a mountain ridge, giving passage to a stream or river.

water knot :
a knot used to join two ends of webbing strap together, as when making a sling (runner); constructed by forming an overhand knot on one end and then interlacing the other end back through the same configuration; the ends should be left long on both sides to allow for slippage, and to permit the tying of secondary half hitches on either side of the knot. Although once seized into place by pressure, it is difficult to untie this knot on leather or nylon tape, but it should be closely inspected before each subsequent use. It's also known as tape knot, grass knot, ring bend, overhand follow-through knot, and todesknoten ["death knot" (German)].

water-laid :
noting a rope that's laid left-handed from three or four plain-laid ropes, in the making of which water was used to wet the fibers instead of the more customary oil or tallow.

watershed :
the ridge or crest line dividing two drainage areas. Also, an important point of division or transition, as between phases or conditions. Also, the region drained by a stream or river; a drainage area.

wax :
a natural or man-made substance, solid at ordinary temperatures, that's applied to sled runners and ski bottoms so as to improve their glide, or to increase their resistance, over snow and ice; typed by moisture and temperature conditions, waxes are applied by warming, and removed by warming and scraping.

webbing :
nylon tape or tubing, variously sized and colored, as used for slings and harnesses.

webelette :
a piece of webbing, with eyes sewn into the ends, that's used to tie into several anchor points, in the same way as a long loop of accessory cord (cordelette).

web walker :
slang for a type of pathfinder who is the first to break trail along an isolated stretch, being the first person to encounter the fresh spider webs that're beginning to restore the uncultivated wilderness.

wedel / wedeling :
(vay-dul) to engage in 'wedeln', as disseminated from Austria, wherein a series of high-speed skiing turns are made in rapid succession with both skis parallel, often without the use of ski poles. [ety: German loanword literally meaning "wagging the tail" (wedeln / wedeiln)]

wedge / wedging :
any piece of hard material (eg: iron, steel, stone, wood, etc) with its two principal faces meeting in a sharply acute angle, as used for raising, holding, or splitting objects. Also, a V-shaped chock or block, cam or other climbing aid, especially used in wider cracks or fissures. Also, any V-shaped arrangement, as of herringbone or snowplow skis. Also, to thrust or stuff, insert or insinuate something into an opening so as to fill it or to pack it tightly.

weighted / weighting :
the security testing of exposed rope or installed protection by putting them under pressure or strain; to simulate a minor fall by cautiously bouncing on a suspended rope.

well :
any deep space or sunken enclosure, as a vertical shaft or reservoir, a hollow receptacle or chamber; being any natural or artificial hole, drilled, bored, or otherwise constructed, that permits the movement of air, water, or other elements or objects.

Welsbach® burner :
a trademarked brand of gaslight that essentially consists of a Bunsen burner or Meker burner upon which an incombustible mantle (ie: Welsbach mantle), composed of thoria and some ceria, becomes brilliantly incandescent when exposed to flame.

whaleback :
a bedrock knoll smoothed and rounded on all sides by glacial erosion, reminiscent of the back of a whale.

whip :
to overlay or cover cordage or rope with thread or line, as for prevention of damage by friction, fraying, or raveling. Also, a tackle consisting of a fall rove through a single standing block (single whip), or a fall secured at one end and rove through a single running and a single standing block (double whip). Also, a lashing, beating, whisking, whirling, wrapping, or winding motion. Also, to sew with a light overcasting stitch. Also, to urge, inspire, train, or castigate by words or deeds, as if from flogging or flailing.

whipper :
a long fall, especially beyond the last clipped or emplaced piece of protection, as when the leader falls from above his belay, past his protection, and usually pendulum swings in an arc after being arrested.

whipping :
an arrangement of cord, twine, or thread wound about something.

whirlwind :
a rapidly rotating mass of air that advances over land or sea. Also, anything resembling the speed or force of such, as a frenzied rush or violent course.

whirly :
a violent whirlwind carrying snow.

white night :
a night without sleep. Also, the period when the sky does not completely darken during a solstice in the fartherest latitudes of the polar circles, which perpetual daylight is also called the "midnight sun".

Whittaker wheeze :
see pressure breathing.

wick :
a twist or braid of soft cotton threads, or a woven fiber strip, that serves to draw the flammable liquid to be burned in a candle or lamp. [v: mantle; cf: spill] Also, to draw (attraction or repulsion) moisture or liquid by capillary action.

widow maker / widow-maker :
slang for any natural accident waiting to happen to some unsuspecting wool-gatherer, such as a tottering rock, a poised tree / tree limb, or any other deadfall ready to be triggered.

williwaw :
a violent squall that blows in near-polar latitudes.

windbreaker :
an outerwear jacket made of wind-resistant and moisture-repellent material with close fitting elasticized cuffs and hip band, and a storm-flapped placket; formerly a trademarked brand name.

windchill factor :
the apparent temperature felt on the exposed human body owing to the combination of temperature and wind speed; also spelled wind-chill factor or wind chill factor, and also known as 'wind chill', 'windchill index', or 'chill factor'.

wind gap :
a cut that indents only the upper part of a mountain ridge, usually a former water gap.

window jump :
a stunt wherein the skier, while supporting himself on his ski poles, swings his skis between them, then turns his skis in midair; being a type of jump turn.

windslab :
a type of avalanche that occurs when a snow layer, compacted by wind, settles insecurely atop old snow; when it detaches, it falls in large slabs or blocks of compressed snow.

windstorm :
a sudden or violent heavy wind of 64-72 mph but with little or no precipitation.

wing :
aka: chicken wing, stem

wired :
slang for having the moves required for the completion of a climb memorized.

wires :
inclusive slang referent for any aid climbing hardware or climbing protection supplied with a flexible wire loop connector (eg: nut, copperhead, etc).

woodie :
slang for an homemade climbing wall; although more easily assembled and modified with add-on holds, the wooden climbing wall has a tendency to splinter as it ages, which can injure students more than metal or composite constructions.

work for stay :
a method of compensation offered by some youth hostels wherein manual labor, performed satisfactorily, pays the cost of room and board; with the prior approval of management, a labor exchange made in lieu of monetary payment at a transient's shelter.

X :
a rating (R/X) that can be added as a suffix to any Class 5 designation in the Yosemite Decimal System (YDS), indicating the existence of a run-out on that climbing route; on portions of this route, the placement of intermediate protection is not possible, such that if a fall occurs, the climber will impact the ground.

X-C :
cross-country, as in Nordic tour skiing.

xenolith :
a rock fragment foreign to the igneous rock in which it is embedded; also called inclusion.

X-Games™ :
extreme recreational activities that are subdivided into summer and winter events, organized like Olympic competitions (OLYMPIAD), but with medals and prize money awarded since 1995 by the sponsors, the ESPN and ABC Sports networks; these so-called 'extreme' activities have been selected for their popular commercial appeal, being non-traditional semi-professional events that include sport climbing and bouldering. [nb: 'X-Games' is a proprietary trademark]

Yabo :
a seated start for climbing; eponymously after John "Yabo" Yablonski.

yard :
to test a handhold by applying pressure or exerting tension before actual use.

yawn :
a deep open space, as a chasm or hiatus.

YDS :
Yosemite Decimal System; a scale (1-5) used to rate the difficulty of routes of hikes and climbs in mountainous terrain in North America. [ie: Class 1: hiking trail; Class 2: off-trail scramble; Class 3: climbing with ropes (or moderate scrambling); Class 4: belayed climbing (or difficult scrambling); Class 5: free climbing with exposure and protection; classes may be subcategorized by numeral (eg: 5.9), letter (eg: 5.10d, 5.8R), by plus or minus sign (eg: 5.7-), and by asterisk (eg: 5.5**)]

yeti :
a legendary humanoid creature, disproportionately large and hairy, that's reputed to inhabit the wilderness and alpine areas of Asia; also known as abominable snowman or mountain demon, bigfoot or sasquatch; this Nepalese term supposedly derived from an erroneous translation of a spurious Tibetan phrase meaning "man-bear" (mi t'om) or "snowfield man" (k'ang mi). [nb: known as "barmanu" in the Karakoram]

yoga pants :
tight-fitting, ankle-length pants with a flat waistband that're worn during aerobic exercises and sports competitions by men and women; made of a blend of variously colored fabrics (including nylon, polyester, polypropylene, cotton, and the like) that allow four-way stretch, with either a straight-leg or boot-cut cuff, and no pockets ... breathability and moisture wicking features have been improved since their initial introduction during the 1970s. [v: yoga mat, yoga brick, yoga bolster, yoga strap]

Yosemite Decimal System :
see YDS.

Z-clipped / Z-clipping :
attaching to a belay line or anchor for protection by using the segment of rope from beneath the previous anchor, resulting in an unsafe configuration of the belay rope.

Zen garden :
a stylized Japanese rock garden that's usually enclosed and generally viewed from only one perspective, which was developed to represent the essence of nature and to promote "sitting meditation" [za-zen]; imitative of the older Chinese gardens that honored the traditional Eight Immortals [Horai], the Japanese version is of two types: a dry landscape [karesansui] arrangement of symbolic rocks emplaced upon raked sand or gravel, and an artificial mountain [tsukiyama / kasan] landscape of plants and water, rocks and gravel. The Japanese style may be representative of a mountain range or archipelago, marsh or ocean, hills and ravines, replete with dry streams or fish ponds, dry waterfalls or sculpted trees, which creates a sense of isolation and detachment from the world ... these gardens have become veritable compositions in stone. [v: the garden (chaniwa) attached to the tea-ceremony house (chashitsu); cf: flat garden (hiraniwa)]

zenith :
the highest point or state; culmination; derived as a medieval scribal error for 'road above (over) one's head', as the opposite of nadir.

zero day / zero-day :
ostensibly, a day that doesn't count ... but since each and every day must ultimately be accounted for, this is a non-productive day that neither advances nor accomplishes the goal; a catch-phrase for a day of rest, a slack day, a holiday, or a day off from work that nonetheless consumes resources.

zigzag :
a line or course that progresses by sharp turns, to one side and then to the other; a series of alternating side-to-side turns that forms a path or route of maneuver; derived as a gradational compound from "zickzack" (zacke tack).

zip :
to move quickly or swiftly, with great energy; to act suddenly, with vim or vigor, making a hissing sound.

zip-line :
a line or cable suspended along a decline for use as a single-strand rope bridge that's negotiated using a pulley under the force of gravity; also known as a zip-wire, Tyrolean traverse, Tyrolean crossing, flat line traverse, aerial ropeslide, aerial runway, flying fox, foefie slide, death slide or slide-for-life. Used to conveniently transport equipment and supplies, specimens and personnel (especially when injured); and may be used in reverse when ascending an incline by a draw rope (guy or towline) or by other motive force. Originating as a method to resupply or evacuate mountain troops, it's now commonly used for outdoor recreation and vacation tourism ... as such, sometimes provided with a boatswain's chair, it is the minimalist version of the telpherage gondola or cable-car. [nb: some Tyrolean traverse setups use constriction or friction brakes, and safety is provided by net or secondary attachment; all Tyrolean traverse lines sag, with the sagging "belly" of the line almost always lower than the finish or terminus, so continuation beyond the sag requires either momentum or motivation] [nb: although steeplejacks have used ropes to haul materials and a ropeslide to descend from their work since the 18th century, this practice is more akin to rappelling than to the Tyrolean traverse]

zipper :
a closure device consisting of two parallel tracks of teeth or ridges that can be interlocked or separated by the movement of a slide between them, so as to fasten parts of clothing, baggage, or the like; this formerly trademarked Americanism is also known as a "slide fastener". [nb: mechanical zipper invented 1905, registered 1921 by B.F. Goodrich]

zipper fall :
a fall of such length and velocity that the climber's protective devices are ripped from the rock in rapid succession; a dynamic fall in which each piece of protection fails in turn.

zodiacal light :
a luminous tract in the sky, which is seen in the west after sunset or in the east before sunrise, and is thought to be the light reflected from a cloud of meteoric matter that's revolving around the sun.

zone :
a contranym meaning, depending upon context, either total and intense focus ("zoned-in"), or complete inattention and abstraction ("zoned-out"); that mental or emotional region where someone is either fully aware or spaced-out. [eg: "in the zone" versus "out of the zone"]

Z-pulley / Z-system :
a particular zigzag configuration of rope, anchors, and pulleys that's typically used to extricate a climber after falling into a crevasse.

Zytel® :
brand name for a number of different formulations of high strength, abrasion and impact resistant nylon engineered by DuPont with varying proportions of fiberglass (13%-60%) added for stiffness; some of these thermoplastic polyamide formulations (including polyphthalamide) are reinforced with glass, mineral, rubber, Kevlar, or Teflon in order to achieve specific characteristics, some of which deform over time.





bowline figure 8 bend weaver's knot or double
sheetbend reef knot double sheetbend


roped mountain climber
Mountaineering Quotes

Reference Notes
roped mountain climber




It is not the goal of grand alpinism to face peril, but it is one of the tests one must undergo to deserve the joy of rising for an instant above the state of crawling grubs.
by Lionel Terray


The first question which you will ask and which I must try to answer is this, 'What is the use of climbing Mount Everest ?' and my answer must at once be, 'It is no use'. There is not the slightest prospect of any gain whatsoever. ... So, if you cannot understand that there is something in man which responds to the challenge of this mountain and goes out to meet it, that the struggle is the struggle of life itself upward and forever upward, then you won't see why we go. What we get from this adventure is just sheer joy. And joy is, after all, the end of life. We do not live to eat and make money. We eat and make money to be able to enjoy life. That is what life means and what life is for.
by George Herbert Leigh Mallory [on lecture tour in New York (1922)]


Nobody climbs mountains for scientific reasons. Science is used to raise money for the expeditions, but you really climb for the hell of it.
by Edmund Hillary


Because they are there, and so am I.
by George Herbert Leigh Mallory [facetiously on lecture tour in New York (1923)]


Why do I climb mountains? Quite simply because the mountains and I had to meet. I go for my pleasure and to conquer myself. I know nothing more deadly than inaction, whether physical or mental. One needs to try one's strength and one's willpower, to triumph over one's destiny, to remake oneself, to put one's muscles to use. I do not climb mountains in order to break records of height or altitude. Those things do not interest me. I do it because I love the beauty and simplicity of a way of living which brings confidence, which confirms resolution and calls for courage.
by Collete Richard


The secret of survival is to climb ... even in the dark, even when the climb seems pointless ... the climb, not the summit, is the important thing. And the great don't just climb mountains, they also carve them as they go aloft.
paraphrase of Richard Paul Evans


Nothing is too high for the daring of mortals: we would storm heaven itself in our folly.
by Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus] [cf: Otus and Ephialtes]


It is not the mountain we conquer, but ourselves.
by Edmund Hillary


Have we vanquished an enemy? None but ourselves. Have we gained success? That word means nothing here. Have we won a kingdom? No ... and yes. We have achieved an ultimate satisfaction ... fulfilled a destiny .... To struggle and to understand – never this last without the other; such is the law ....
by George Herbert Leigh Mallory [written on the dome of Mont Blanc]


She wanted no distractions. She hadn't climbed all this way 'just' to enjoy the view; she'd come up here for a purpose. It meant something to climb, to haul this sack of bones and flesh all this way, and then look, then think, then 'be'. Arriving at the summit without the effort and risk would be too easy. It wouldn't have meant anything.
paraphrase of Iain M. Banks


If all you wanted was a magnificent view, you could easily ride to it in a balloon or airplane with no discomfort or strain; but climbing, which is an entirely unnecessary chore full of multitudinous agonies, is a self-indulgence wherein you happily terrify yourself at every stage ... wearing your scrapes and bruises like a badge of honor.
anonymous


I experienced the partnership of the rope, the link between you and your partner, each literally holding the other's life in his hands. I learned about doing what was necessary. I learned to keep a sharp eye on weather, rock formations, and everything around us. I learned to find more inside than I thought was there. I learned about fearing death, and choosing life. Most of all, I learned how it felt to live. The soul does not cry out: 'I made the summit!' You suck in the air, relish the feel of the sun on your skin, and exalt quietly: 'I am alive.'
by Win Blevins


Mountaineering, what some call the sport of mountain climbing, could more accurately be described as the art of climbing mountains. The stark simplicity of the aim coupled with the multitude of divergent techniques and styles means that any ascent can be a personalized one. How one plans and executes ones ascent of this blank canvas of an idea determines how well you fit into the equation. By knowing your options, understanding your own body and just as importantly, using your imagination, climbing a mountain can be a true expression of who you are.
by Peter Croft


For some, mountains are an obstacle; for others, they are a canvas.
by Richard Paul Evans


You don't just climb with your hands and feet, but with your mind. If you can't imagine yourself on the rock, the way you should move and where, then you have no business being on the rock at all.
paraphrase of Rodney W. "Trevanian" Whitaker


Mountains are the means; the man is the end. The goal is not to reach the tops of mountains, but to improve the man. Climbing only makes sense if you consider the man.
by Walter Bonatti


I really suffered today, but the quality of my suffering was good.
by Dan Pate


Pain is just weakness leaving the body.
proverbial


Climbing is an arduous pastime that, after extended travel, causes great suffering and incredible inconvenience while constantly threatening one's life at every stage ... for the dubious reward of returning to the point from which one began the entire ordeal.
anonymous


Mountaineering is all about PAIN! ... so save the development of those finer motives and higher sensibilities for afterwards, when your exhausted body and brutalized mind will better appreciate them!
unknown climbing guide


There have been joys too great to be described in words, and there have been griefs upon which I have not dared to dwell; and with these in mind I say: Climb if you will, but remember that courage and strength are naught without prudence, and that a momentary negligence may destroy the happiness of a lifetime. Do nothing in haste; look well to each step; and from the beginning think what may be the end.
by Edward Whymper [Scrambles Amongst the Alps (1865)]


There are two kinds of people: those who climb mountains, and those who sit in the shadow of the mountains and critique the climbers.
by Richard Paul Evans


When all is well, then look for rocks ahead.
by Sophocles


To lovers of the wild, these mountains are not a hundred miles away. Their spiritual power and the goodness of the sky make them near, as a circle of friends.
by John Muir


It would prove a good climb, I thought, for those who love mountains are incurable dreamers. Even before they have recovered from one defeat, they begin unconsciously to plan a new attempt. I chased away such thoughts.
by Felice Benuzzi, No Picnic on Mount Kenya (1946)


Geologic time includes now.
by Gerry Roach [Classic Commandments of Mountaineering]


A good scare is worth more than good advice.
by Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus]


If it's not hard, you're probably not learning anything.
unknown


Suffering is but another name for the teaching of experience, which is the parent of instruction and the schoolmaster of life.
by Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus]


On our way to some great good or magnificent success, we will invariably commit some unpardonable evil ... it is as inevitable as the shadows cast in the brilliance of daylight.
The Book of Days


People who succeed and do not push on to greater failure are the spiritual middle class. Their stopping at success is proof of their compromising insignificance. How petty their dreams must have been. As for me, I still have plenty of dreams left on which to fail.
by Carlos Buhler


If you're not uncomfortable and scared, then you brought too much gear. And if you made it to the top of the mountain, then the route you took was too easy!
unknown


Reducing a climb to your [skill] level through technological means is the murder of the impossible.
by Reinhold Messner


In great things, it is enough to have tried.
by Desiderius Erasmus


May your trails be crooked, winding, lonesome, dangerous, leading to the most amazing view. May your mountains rise into and above the clouds.
by Edward Abbey


Soar, eat ether, see what has never been seen; depart, be lost, but climb.
by Edna Saint Vincent Millay


Far away in the sunshine are my highest aspirations. I may not reach them, but I can look up and see their beauty, believe in them, and try to follow where they lead.
by Louisa May Alcott


It's important not to mistake the rough edge of rim rock immediately under your nose for the far horizon of your greatest yearning.
anonymous


Challenging from below, from above, the mountains seemed almost deferential. She looked from them to the moon, and the stars hanging far above, and for the first time she understood the true allure of mountain climbing: there was elation, there was triumph, there was pride in achieving the summit, yes, but most of all, there was a shift in perspective. From below the view was of the mountains and the heavens, equally unattainable; but from here, it was the mountains below and the heavens above and herself in between. Herself, a puny little insignificant mortal poised between immense immortals.
by Dana Stabenow


To those who have struggled with them, the mountains reveal beauties they will not disclose to those who make no effort. That is the reward the mountains give to effort. And it is because they have so much to give and give it so lavishly to those who will wrestle with them that men love the mountains and go back to them again and again. The mountains reserve their choice gifts for those who stand upon their summits.
by Francis Younghusband


Just because you love the mountains doesn't mean the mountains love you.
by Lou Whittaker


The most dangerous part of any climb is the drive to the mountains!
unknown [paraphrase of skydiving maxim]


To dare is to lose one's footing momentarily. To not dare is to lose oneself.
by Soren Kierkegaard


One of the gladdest moments in human life is the departure upon a distant journey into unknown lands. Shaking off with one mighty effort the fetters of habit, the leaden weight of routine, the cloak of many cares, and the slavery of civilization, man feels once more free.
by Richard Francis Burton


Without the possibility of death, adventure is not possible.
by Reinhold Messner


To have a great adventure, and survive, requires good judgment. Good judgment comes from experience. Experience, of course, is the result of poor judgment.
by Geoff Tabin


It costs so much to be a full human being ... one has to abandon altogether the search for security, and reach out to the risk of living with both arms.
by Morris West [The Shoes of the Fisherman]


Anyone who's afraid of dying is also afraid of living.
unknown


Security is mostly a superstition. It does not exist in Nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than outright exposure. Life is either a daring adventure, or nothing.
by Helen Keller


Our ignorance [of the mountain] proved an insuperable handicap from the point of view of material achievement, but from the spiritual point of view, which is of far greater importance to the true mountaineer, it was in the nature of a gift from God. Every step led to new discoveries, and we were continually in a state of amazed admiration and gratitude. It was as though we were living at the beginning of time, before men had begun to give names to things.
by Felice Benuzzi, No Picnic on Mount Kenya (1946)


To pile Pelion upon Olympus.
by Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus]


The gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain, whence the stone would fall back of its own weight. They had thought with some reason that there is no more dreadful punishment than futile and hopeless labour .... You have already grasped that Sisyphus is the absurd hero. He is, as much through his passions as through his torture. His scorn of the gods, his hatred of death, and his passion for life won him that unspeakable penalty in which the whole being is exerted toward accomplishing nothing. This is the price that must be paid for the passions of this earth. At the very end of his long effort – measured by skyless space and time without depth – the purpose is achieved. Then Sisyphus watches the stone rush down in a few moments toward that lower world whence he will have to push it up again toward the summit. He goes back down to the plain. It is during that return, that pause, that Sisyphus interests me. A face that toils so close to stones is already stone itself! I see that man going back down with a heavy yet measured step toward the torment of which he will never know the end. That hour, like a breathing space which returns as surely as his suffering, that is the hour of consciousness. At each of those moments when he leaves the heights and gradually sinks toward the lairs of the gods, he is superior to his fate. He is stronger than his rock. I leave Sisyphus at the foot of the mountain! One always finds one's burden again. But Sisyphus teaches the higher fidelity that negates the gods and raises rocks. He too concludes that all is well. This universe henceforth without a master seems to him neither sterile nor futile. Each atom of that stone, each mineral flake of that night-filled mountain, in itself forms a world. The struggle itself toward the heights is enough to fill a man's heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy.
by Albert Camus [The Myth of Sisyphus (1955)]


The man on top of the mountain did not fall there!
unknown


Observers claim that I flew up the mountains, but nobody ever flies uphill. A climber struggles slowly and painfully to advance upwards, and maybe, after a great deal of very hard work, that climber may reach the remote summit ... even if that ascent looks simple and easy from far away.
unknown


Our remote homeland was once a peaceful faraway place, then climbers arrived to pound nails into our mountains. Our priests had ascended those very mountains for centuries, so that they could better talk to the gods and listen to their wisdom. Climbers now visit these mountains because they are a little higher than others ... if there was a pole set at the summit, they would climb it too! Some climbers carry charms to propitiate the unknown spirits dwelling in those wounded mountains, but they only want to survive so that they can boast about their triumph ... as if that's the only way to 'touch the sky'. The mountains are not holy to them.
paraphrase of Eliot Pattison


God made the mountains – the Devil made the towns.
by Robert J. Horton


You cannot stay on the summit forever; you have to come down again. So why bother in the first place? Because what is below does not know what is above, but what is above knows what is below. One climbs, one sees. one descends, one sees no longer, but one has seen. There is an art to conducting oneself in the lower regions by the memory of what one saw higher up. When one can no longer see, one can at least still know.
by Rene Daumal


I will lift up mine eyes unto the hills, from whence cometh my help. My help cometh from the LORD, which made heaven and earth.
Psalm 121:1-2 KJV Bible


A Song of the Ascents. I lift up mine eyes unto the hills, Whence doth my help come? My help [is] from Jehovah, maker of heaven and earth ....
Psalm 121:1-2 YLT Bible


And the genie who speaks in the wind poured into my heart the philter of the Mountain. It was indeed the spirit of the Mountain who was tormenting me; he was waiting for me, crouching in the hollow of the rock; his invisible wing had brushed me as I passed. Thus crossing by the border of the Black Lake, in the Autumn mist, listening to the plaintive voice of the wind, the passion, the sublime passion for the Mountain possessed me.
by Pier Giorgio Frassati


Eastward the dawn rose, ridge behind ridge into the morning, and vanished out of eyesight into guess; it was no more than a glimmer blending with the hem of the sky, but it spoke to them, out of the memory and old tales, of the high and distant mountains.
by J.R.R. Tolkien


The mountains are calling and I must go.
by John Muir


Mountaineering is a relentless pursuit. One climbs further and further yet never reaches the destination. Perhaps that is what gives it its own particular charm. One is constantly searching for something never to be found.
by Hermann Buhl


Whatever the struggle / continue the climb / it may be only one step to the summit.
by Diane Westlake


Life's real failure is when you do not realize how close you were to success when you gave up.
unknown


No person who has yet to discover some of the pleasures of climbing can possibly realize the intangibles associated with a day on the mountain.
by J. Gordon Edwards


God devised pests to remind us not to waste all of our time gawking in stupified awe at all of the magnificent views!
unknown


a passion for the high mountains requires some measure of poetic imagination, a love of beauty for its own sake and the appreciation of achievement totally unrelated to any tangible rewards.
by Arthur Oliver Wheeler


The mountains one gazes at, reads about, dreams of and desires are not the mountains one climbs.
by Robert McFarlaind [Mountains of the Mind]


I don't really go to the places that feel special; I bring my special feelings to the places I go.
by D. Barnes Boffey


Better to be in the mountains thinking about God, than to be in church thinking about the mountains!
by Ace Kvale


Man can climb to the highest summits, but he cannot dwell there long.
by George Bernard Shaw


Men climb mountains because the valleys are full of cemeteries.
paraphrase of Richard Paul Evans


At eighteen our convictions are hills from which we look; at forty-five they are caves in which we hide.
by F. Scott Fitzgerald


The only way to know the true nature of a rock is to stub your toe on it.
Ojibwa aphorism


The toughest form of mountain climbing is getting out of a rut.
unknown


Those who are not climbing toward something are descending toward nothing.
by Richard Paul Evans


When one jumps over the edge, one is bound to land somewhere.
by D.H. Lawrence


It isn't the mountain ahead that wears you out, it's the grain of sand in your shoe.
unknown


On the path to heaven, there will be occasional rocks in your shoes – yet, the views are magnificent, the pain is bearable, and turning back is not an option.
by Laura Teresa Marquez


Well, it is sort of like having fun, only different.
by Howard Donner [on climbing Mount McKinley in Denali Park]


It doesn't have to be fun to be fun.
by Barry Blanchard


climbers are always trying in self-defence to maintain the fiction that they are enjoying themselves.
by Donald Robertson


For a man learns more quickly and remembers more easily that which he laughs at, than that which he approves and reveres.
by Horace [Quintus Horatius Flaccus]


When a wise man hears of the Truth, he tries to accommodate it; when an ordinary man hears of the Way, he is confused by it; and when a fool hears of the Tao, he laughs at it! ... not laughing would make it Unworthy to be called the true Way.
by Lao-Tzu


And while he crawled toward his goal, he discovered, like so many intrepid mountaineers before him, that the way down is much worse than the way up.
paraphrase of John LeCarré [David Cornwell (2013)]


We didn't come all the way up here just to go back!
unknown


It's a round trip. Getting to the summit is optional. Getting down is mandatory.
by Ed Viesturs [No Shortcuts to the Top]


It's a little like one of those Zen koans: going up is optional, coming down is inevitable.
unknown


It's your attitude and not your aptitudes that gives you altitude!
unknown


I don't think we'll make it, but we will continue with style.
Austrian alpinist in The Eiger Sanction by Rodney W. "Trevanian" Whitaker (1972)


There are only three sports – mountain climbing, bullfighting, and motor racing – all others being games.
by Ernest Hemingway


Mountineering – most sports only require one ball!
unknown


Mountaineering: the pastime of struggling uphill while not feeling very well.
unknown lexicographer


I'm not really scared of heights. I'm scared of falling from heights. Actually, I'm not as scared of falling from heights as much as I am of hitting the ground – now 'that' really scares me!
unknown amateur (blonde) climber


Remember not to have a fatal accident, because the community will think climbing is a dangerous thing, your friends will be bummed ... and you'll be dead.
by Kitty Calhoun


When you come to the end of your rope, tie a knot in it and hang on tight.
by Franklin D. Roosevelt


If you don't let go, you can't fall off [the mountain].
by Jerry Moffat


There are old climbers and there are bold climbers, but there are no old, bold climbers.
unknown [paraphrase of old aviation maxim]


Be lazy, be crazy, just be a climber.
by Jack Kerouac


No Climbing Beyond This Point.
anonymous sign posted atop Devil's Tower


It's all downhill from here.
anonymous sign posted atop Lone Pine Peak


Mountain climbing would be great if it weren't for all that damn climbing.
by John Ohrenschall


I've heard that people who climb mountains like to get up real high where they can let the wind blow through the holes in their heads.
unknown


We don't stop climbing because we grow old, we grow old because we stopped climbing!
unknown [paraphrase of Parachutists Over Phorty Society motto]


The best climber in the world is the one having the most fun!
by Alex Lowe






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